1. Most of the people today know the meaning of psychology but no two persons may define it in the same way. Psychology can be defined in various ways. According to the Crook and stein (1988 ) psychology defined as the scientific study of the behavior and mental process of human and other animals. According to the Miller (1966) defined psychology in a most informative ways as ‘’the science of mental life” Mental life refers to three phenomenon which are known as behavior, thought and emotions. The notion that psychology is a science, however it is rather controversial .Science involves the systematic collection of data under controlled condition, so that theory and practice can be based on verifiable evidence rather than psychologist’s institution.
Psychology is a positive science
2. Psychology is a positive science. Positive psychology is the scientific study of positive experiences and positive individual traits, and the institutions that facilitate their development. Positive psychology may at first glance seem peripheral to mainstream clinical psychology. It is believed that persons who carry even the weightiest psychological burdens care about much more in their lives than just the relief of their suffering. Troubled persons want more satisfaction, contentment, and joy, not just less sadness and worry. They want to build their strengths, not just correct their weaknesses. and, they want lives imbued with meaning and purpose. These states do not come about automatically simply when suffering is removed. Furthermore, the fostering of positive emotion and the building of character may help both directly and indirectly to alleviate suffering and to undo its root causes.
3. In other hand Positive psychology is a recent branch of uthat "studies the strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive. Positive psychologists seek "to find and nurture genius and talent", and "to make normal life more fulfilling", not simply to treat mental illness. Several humanistic psychologists such as Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Erich Fromm developed successful theories and practices that involved human happiness. Recently the theories of human flourishing developed by these humanistic psychologists have found empirical support from studies by humanistic and positive psychologists, such as in the area of self-determination theory.
3. In other hand Positive psychology is a recent branch of uthat "studies the strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive. Positive psychologists seek "to find and nurture genius and talent", and "to make normal life more fulfilling", not simply to treat mental illness. Several humanistic psychologists such as Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Erich Fromm developed successful theories and practices that involved human happiness. Recently the theories of human flourishing developed by these humanistic psychologists have found empirical support from studies by humanistic and positive psychologists, such as in the area of self-determination theory.
4. Positive Psychology is the scientific study of optimal human functioning. It aims to discover and promote factors that allow individuals and communities to thrive (Sheldon, Frederickson, Rathunde, & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). The Goal of Positive Psychology is to consider optimal human functioning at several levels, including biological, experiential, personal, relational, institutional, cultural, and global. The Positive Subjective Experiences on the psychology indicate the degree to which people are achieving a goal based on what they believe. For example, if people value making straight as in high school, then doing so will result in positive feelings about themselves and those around them. Not doing so will result in negative feelings toward themselves and those around them.
5. Age - People’s ages bring a wealth of perspective and experience that colors how they view life situations. For example, older people tend to view illness as being a part of the normal aging process than younger people. They have more confidence in their ability
to deal with the problem and prefer a greater quality of life to mere survival.
Back ground of the positive psychology
5. Age - People’s ages bring a wealth of perspective and experience that colors how they view life situations. For example, older people tend to view illness as being a part of the normal aging process than younger people. They have more confidence in their ability
to deal with the problem and prefer a greater quality of life to mere survival.
Back ground of the positive psychology
6. Positive psychology began as a new area of psychology in 1998. Martin Seligman is considered as the father of the modern positive psychology. Though the term originates with Maslow, in his 1954 book Motivation and Personality. Seligman pointed out that the half century clinical psychology "has been consumed by a single topic only mental illness, echoing Maslow’s comments. He urged psychologists to continue the earlier missions of psychology of nurturing talent and improving normal life. The first positive psychology summit took place in 1999. The First International Conference on Positive Psychology took place in 2002. In June 2009, the First World Congress on Positive Psychology took place.
7. Psychology is a positive science which study of behaviour thoughts and emotion. The discipline of psychology mainly can be divided in to several sub disciplines. Each sub discipline has its own distinctive focus. However, they can be collectively termed as “Basic psychology’’ Basic psychology can be sub divided in several ways.
a. Psychological psychology
Basic psychology mainly concerns the relation ship between the brain and body. For example, a psychological psychologist might investigate the electrical activity in the brain associated with particular behaviour, thoughts and emotions. They might be interested in the bodily changes associated with feeling stressed at work.
b. Cognitive psychology
Mainly consider the human cognitive functioning, that is our thought process. This includes topics like how well we remember information under various condition and how we weigh up information when making decision.
c. Development psychology
Developmental psychologists study the physiological, cognitive, and social development that takes place throughout life. Some specialize in behavior during infancy, childhood, and adolescence, or changes that occur during maturity or old age and also they study the developmental disabilities and their effects. As a example, how and when children become able to understand particular concept, and how children learn language.
c. Development psychology
Developmental psychologists study the physiological, cognitive, and social development that takes place throughout life. Some specialize in behavior during infancy, childhood, and adolescence, or changes that occur during maturity or old age and also they study the developmental disabilities and their effects. As a example, how and when children become able to understand particular concept, and how children learn language.
d. Social psychology
Social psychologists examine people’s interactions with others and with the social environment. They work in organizational consultation, marketing research, systems design, or other applied psychology fields. Prominent areas of study include group behavior, leadership, attitudes, and perception.
e. Personality psychology
Mainly focus on the people’s characteristics tendency to behave, think and feel certain ways. How people differ from one to one and their character and the way it can be measured. It is also recognized that situation as well as personality, influence a person ‘s behaviour , thoughts and emotion .Therefore, some attention is also paid to defining how ‘situations’ differ from each other.
8. Today the society is very complicate and competitive. Hence we are involved in various work organization in several ways. We have to play different roles in the organization and most of the time we are in the work organization. As a example, a ‘personal executive” who spend at least 8 hours to 10 hours per day in his work organization. He is full of various thoughts and emotions, which basically y arise from interacting relationship between personal executive (his self concept, values, attitudes, personality type perception) and his work organization.
Psychology is an applied science.
Psychology is an applied science.
9. Psychology is a applied science, at present it is applied for every aspect of the human life. The basic premise of applied psychology is the use of psychological principles and theories to overcome problems in areas, such as mental health, business management, education, health, product design, ergonomics, and law. Applied psychology includes the areas of clinical psychology, industrial/organizational psychology, occupational health psychology, human factors, forensic psychology, engineering psychology, as well as many other areas such as school psychology, sports psychology and community psychology. In addition, a number of specialized areas in the general field of psychology have applied branches (e.g., applied social psychology, applied cognitive psychology).
10. Applied psychologists use concept theories and techniques driven from all area of basic psychology. And also they work like psychologist working in other applied psychological disciplines such as education, health and legal studies. Undermention diagramme illustrate the relationship between basic psychology and area of applied psychology.
Area of Basic Psychology
- Psychological psychology
- Cognitive psychology
- Social Psychology
-Personality Psychology
Area of applied psychology
- Work/Or. Psychology
- Clinic Psychology
- Educational Psychology
- Health Psychology
- Legal psychology
- Sport Psychology
Practical problem and opportunities
Source: Arnold J.et (1995) ,Work psychology
The above chart shows that the area of applied psychology use idea and information from basic psychology. For example if we want to identify the impact of personality type on occupational stress, we have to use ideas and information from personality psychology. But Schonplug (1993) has argued that applied psychology has not benefited much from basic psychology. Applied psychologist is interested in solving problem whilst basic psychologists are driven by a love of knowledge for its own sake. In applied psychology contribute information and ideas to the development of basic psychology .But sometimes it can be identified that situation where theories directly drawn from basic psychology can contribute to the solutions of problems which are concerned with applied psychology. In this context, it shows that the inter relationship between basic psychology and applied psychology through information and ideas. This relationship has helped the development of concept, theories and techniques in both disciplines.
Background of the applied psychology
11. The legend and founder of applied psychology was Hugo Munsterberg. The German man came to America originally studying philosophy similar to most aspiring psychologists during the late 1800’s. Munsterberg had many interests in the field of psychology such as, purposive psychology, social psychology and forensic psychology. In 1907 he wrote several magazine articles concerning legal aspects of testimony, confessions and courtroom procedures, which eventually developed into his book, On the Witness Stand. The following year the Division of Applied Psychology was adjoined to the Harvard Psychological Laboratory. Within 9 years he had contributed eight books in English, applying psychology to education, industrial efficiency, business and teaching. Eventually Hugo Munsterberg and his contributions would define him as the creator of Applied Psychology. The main area of applied psychology, discuss about the undermentioned areas where that applied psychology use the ideas and information from basic psychology.
a. Industrial and Organizational Psychology
b. Clinical Psychology
c. Educational Psychology
d. Health Psychology
e. Legal Psychology
f. Sport Psychology
g. Occupational health psychology
j. School psychology
k. Military psychology
INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
10. Applied psychologists use concept theories and techniques driven from all area of basic psychology. And also they work like psychologist working in other applied psychological disciplines such as education, health and legal studies. Undermention diagramme illustrate the relationship between basic psychology and area of applied psychology.
Area of Basic Psychology
- Psychological psychology
- Cognitive psychology
- Social Psychology
-Personality Psychology
Area of applied psychology
- Work/Or. Psychology
- Clinic Psychology
- Educational Psychology
- Health Psychology
- Legal psychology
- Sport Psychology
Practical problem and opportunities
Source: Arnold J.et (1995) ,Work psychology
The above chart shows that the area of applied psychology use idea and information from basic psychology. For example if we want to identify the impact of personality type on occupational stress, we have to use ideas and information from personality psychology. But Schonplug (1993) has argued that applied psychology has not benefited much from basic psychology. Applied psychologist is interested in solving problem whilst basic psychologists are driven by a love of knowledge for its own sake. In applied psychology contribute information and ideas to the development of basic psychology .But sometimes it can be identified that situation where theories directly drawn from basic psychology can contribute to the solutions of problems which are concerned with applied psychology. In this context, it shows that the inter relationship between basic psychology and applied psychology through information and ideas. This relationship has helped the development of concept, theories and techniques in both disciplines.
Background of the applied psychology
11. The legend and founder of applied psychology was Hugo Munsterberg. The German man came to America originally studying philosophy similar to most aspiring psychologists during the late 1800’s. Munsterberg had many interests in the field of psychology such as, purposive psychology, social psychology and forensic psychology. In 1907 he wrote several magazine articles concerning legal aspects of testimony, confessions and courtroom procedures, which eventually developed into his book, On the Witness Stand. The following year the Division of Applied Psychology was adjoined to the Harvard Psychological Laboratory. Within 9 years he had contributed eight books in English, applying psychology to education, industrial efficiency, business and teaching. Eventually Hugo Munsterberg and his contributions would define him as the creator of Applied Psychology. The main area of applied psychology, discuss about the undermentioned areas where that applied psychology use the ideas and information from basic psychology.
a. Industrial and Organizational Psychology
b. Clinical Psychology
c. Educational Psychology
d. Health Psychology
e. Legal Psychology
f. Sport Psychology
g. Occupational health psychology
j. School psychology
k. Military psychology
INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
12. Industrial and organizational psychology focuses to varying degrees on the psychology of the workforce, customer, and consumer, including issues such as the psychology of recruitment, selecting employees from an applicant pool which overall includes training, performance appraisal, job satisfaction, work behavior, stress at work and management.
13. Organizational psychology is an area of applied psychology. It is defined in term of its context of application and is not in itself one of the sub disciplined of basic psychology. Further, the Organizational psychology can be defined simply as the branch of applied psychology that studies human behavior in an organizational and business setting.
13. Organizational psychologists apply psychological principles and research methods to the workplace in the interest of improving productivity and the quality of work life and it will help to boost worker productivity and retention rates in a wide range of businesses. Organizational psychologists will help companies deal with issues such as workplace diversity and antidiscrimination policies. They involve in research on management and marketing problems. They screen, train, and counsel applicants for jobs, as well as perform organizational development and analysis.
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
14. Clinical psychology includes the study and application of psychology for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development. Its practices are psychological assessment and psychotherapy, although clinical psychologists may also engage in research, teaching, consultation, forensic testimony, and program development and administration. Some clinical psychologists may focus on the clinical management of patients with brain injury and this area is known as clinical neuropsychological. In many countries clinical psychology is a regulated mental health profession.
13. Organizational psychologists apply psychological principles and research methods to the workplace in the interest of improving productivity and the quality of work life and it will help to boost worker productivity and retention rates in a wide range of businesses. Organizational psychologists will help companies deal with issues such as workplace diversity and antidiscrimination policies. They involve in research on management and marketing problems. They screen, train, and counsel applicants for jobs, as well as perform organizational development and analysis.
CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
14. Clinical psychology includes the study and application of psychology for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development. Its practices are psychological assessment and psychotherapy, although clinical psychologists may also engage in research, teaching, consultation, forensic testimony, and program development and administration. Some clinical psychologists may focus on the clinical management of patients with brain injury and this area is known as clinical neuropsychological. In many countries clinical psychology is a regulated mental health profession.
15. Clinical psychologists do not usually prescribe medication, although there are a growing number of psychologists to have prescribing privileges, Medical psychology. In general, however, when medication is warranted many psychologists will work in cooperation with psychiatrists so that clients get all their therapeutic needs met. Clinical psychologists may also work as part of a team with other professionals, such as social workers and nutritionists.
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
16. Educational psychologists work with students in early childhood and elementary and secondary schools. They collaborate with teachers, parents, and school personnel to create safe, healthy, and supportive learning environments for all students. School psychologists address students’ learning and behavioral problems, suggest improvements to classroom management strategies or parenting techniques, and evaluate students with disabilities and gifted and talented students to help determine the best way to educate them. They improve teaching, learning, and socialization strategies based on their understanding of the psychology of learning environments. They also may evaluate the effectiveness of academic programs, prevention programs, behavior management procedures, and other services provided in the school setting.
17. Educational psychology is one of an applied psychology which study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Educational psychology is concerned with how students learn and develop, often focusing on subgroups such as gifted children and those subject to specific disabilities. Although the terms "educational psychology" and "school psychology" are often used interchangeably, researchers and theorists are likely to be identified in the US and Canada as educational psychologists, whereas practitioners in schools or school-related settings are identified as school psychologists.
HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY
18. Health Psychology concerns itself with understanding how biology, behavior, and social context influence health and illness. Health psychologists generally work alongside other medical professionals in clinical settings, although many also teach and conduct research. Four different approaches to health psychology have been defined: clinical, public health, community and critical health psychology. Health psychologists also aim to change health behaviors for the dual purpose of helping people stay healthy and helping patients adhere to disease treatment regimens. Cognitive behavioral therapy and behavior modification are techniques often used for this purpose.
HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY
18. Health Psychology concerns itself with understanding how biology, behavior, and social context influence health and illness. Health psychologists generally work alongside other medical professionals in clinical settings, although many also teach and conduct research. Four different approaches to health psychology have been defined: clinical, public health, community and critical health psychology. Health psychologists also aim to change health behaviors for the dual purpose of helping people stay healthy and helping patients adhere to disease treatment regimens. Cognitive behavioral therapy and behavior modification are techniques often used for this purpose.
LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY
19. Legal psychology is the area concerned with the application of psychological methods and principles to legal questions and issues. Most typically, forensic psychology involves a clinical analysis of a particular individual and an assessment of some specific psycho-legal question. Legal psychology refers to any application of psychological principles, methods or understanding to legal questions or issues. In addition to the applied practices, legal psychology also includes academic or empirical research on topics involving the relationship of law to human mental processes and behavior.
20. Legal psychology involves empirical, psychological research of the law, legal institutions, and people who come into contact with the law. Legal psychologists typically take basic social and cognitive theories and principles and apply them to issues in the legal system such as eyewitness memory, jury decision-making, investigations, and interviewing. The term "legal psychology" has only recently come into usage, primarily as a way to differentiate the experimental focus of legal psychology from the clinically-oriented forensic psychology.
SPORT PSYCHOLOGY
21. Sport psychology is a specialization within psychology that seeks to understand psychological/mental factors that affect performance in sports, physical activity and exercise and apply these to enhance individual and team performance. It deals with increasing performance by managing emotions and minimizing the psychological effects of injury and poor performance. Some of the most important skills taught are goal setting, relaxation, visualization, self-talk awareness and control, concentration, using rituals, attribution training, and periodization. The principles and theories may be applied to any human movement or performance tasks (e.g., playing a musical instrument, acting in a play, public speaking, motor skills). Usually, experts recommend that students be trained in both kinesiologies.
21. Sport psychology is a specialization within psychology that seeks to understand psychological/mental factors that affect performance in sports, physical activity and exercise and apply these to enhance individual and team performance. It deals with increasing performance by managing emotions and minimizing the psychological effects of injury and poor performance. Some of the most important skills taught are goal setting, relaxation, visualization, self-talk awareness and control, concentration, using rituals, attribution training, and periodization. The principles and theories may be applied to any human movement or performance tasks (e.g., playing a musical instrument, acting in a play, public speaking, motor skills). Usually, experts recommend that students be trained in both kinesiologies.
22. Sport psychology is the scientific study of people and their behaviors in sport contexts and the practical application of that knowledge. Sport psychologists identify principles and guidelines that professionals can use to help adults and children participate in and benefit from sport and exercise activities in both team and individual environments. Sport psychologists have two objectives in mind:
(a) To understand how psychological factors affect an individual's physical performance.
(b) To understand how participation in sport and exercise affects a person's psychological development, health and well-being. Sport psychology deals with increasing performance by managing emotions and minimizing the psychological effects of injury and poor performance. Some of the most important skills taught are goal setting, relaxation, visualization, self-talk, awareness and control, concentration, confidence, using rituals, attribution training, and per iodization.
MAIN FUNCTION OF SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY
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23. Research: The primary role of any participant in tertiary education is to further the knowledge in that field. Sport psychologists conduct research in many areas. They may study the arousal levels of athletes before a hockey game, or ask children why they play sport. The findings are then shared with colleagues, allowing others to benefit from this research.
a. Consulting: The consulting process is very important as one has to consult with individual athletes or team athletes to derive skills to enhance performance levels. Some sport and exercise psychologists work in the fitness industry to design exercise programs that maximize participation and promote psychological well-being.
(a) To understand how psychological factors affect an individual's physical performance.
(b) To understand how participation in sport and exercise affects a person's psychological development, health and well-being. Sport psychology deals with increasing performance by managing emotions and minimizing the psychological effects of injury and poor performance. Some of the most important skills taught are goal setting, relaxation, visualization, self-talk, awareness and control, concentration, confidence, using rituals, attribution training, and per iodization.
MAIN FUNCTION OF SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY
//
23. Research: The primary role of any participant in tertiary education is to further the knowledge in that field. Sport psychologists conduct research in many areas. They may study the arousal levels of athletes before a hockey game, or ask children why they play sport. The findings are then shared with colleagues, allowing others to benefit from this research.
a. Consulting: The consulting process is very important as one has to consult with individual athletes or team athletes to derive skills to enhance performance levels. Some sport and exercise psychologists work in the fitness industry to design exercise programs that maximize participation and promote psychological well-being.
SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY
24. School Psychology is a field that applies principles of clinical psychology and educational psychology to the diagnosis and treatment of children's and adolescents' behavioral and learning problems. School psychologists are educated in psychology, child and adolescent development, child and adolescent psychopathology, education, family and parenting practices, learning theories, and personality theories. They are knowledgeable about effective instruction and effective schools.
MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY
25. Military psychology is the research, design and application of psychological theories and experimentation data towards understanding, predicting and countering behaviours either in own, friendly or enemy forces or civilian population that may be undesirable, threatening or potentially dangerous to the conduct of military operations. Military psychology is applied towards counseling and treatment of stress and fatigue of military personnel as well as treatment of psychological trauma suffered as a result of military operations. Another use of military psychology is in interrogation of prisoners who may provide information that would enhance outcomes of friendly military operations or reduce friendly casualties. Military psychology is often used in training of personnel who are expected to encounter a greater amount of stress then normally expected, such as those serving in the Special Forces units. Military Psychologists can help the military organizations by administering aptitude and personality tests to measure the individual's suitability for their chosen military occupations.
CONCLUSION
24. School Psychology is a field that applies principles of clinical psychology and educational psychology to the diagnosis and treatment of children's and adolescents' behavioral and learning problems. School psychologists are educated in psychology, child and adolescent development, child and adolescent psychopathology, education, family and parenting practices, learning theories, and personality theories. They are knowledgeable about effective instruction and effective schools.
MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY
25. Military psychology is the research, design and application of psychological theories and experimentation data towards understanding, predicting and countering behaviours either in own, friendly or enemy forces or civilian population that may be undesirable, threatening or potentially dangerous to the conduct of military operations. Military psychology is applied towards counseling and treatment of stress and fatigue of military personnel as well as treatment of psychological trauma suffered as a result of military operations. Another use of military psychology is in interrogation of prisoners who may provide information that would enhance outcomes of friendly military operations or reduce friendly casualties. Military psychology is often used in training of personnel who are expected to encounter a greater amount of stress then normally expected, such as those serving in the Special Forces units. Military Psychologists can help the military organizations by administering aptitude and personality tests to measure the individual's suitability for their chosen military occupations.
CONCLUSION
26 When considering the above facts, it is understood that the basic Psychologists are more interested to improve their knowledge by studying the basic psychology. And further basic psychologists are mainly study the theories of psychology but not utilized that studies for the practical aspect. But applied psychologists like to apply their knowledge in practically and solve the problem which exists or arise from time to time. Mainly the applied psychologists use concepts, theories and techniques which come from the basic psychology. Presently, psychology tries to understand the difference situation and context of the people in addition to the understanding the people behaviour. Further, psychology applies different field of human behaviour. In short, psychology is a descriptive science has attained the status of being in applied one. However, the relationship between basic and applied psychology has facilitated the development of both discipline.
REFERENCES
1. Crooks RJ (1988) psychology, science, Behaviour and life, Holt,
2. Psychology class notes
3. Internet sauces.
4. McGrath Joseph E, Stress and Behaviour in organization, Marvin D Dunnette ed,
REFERENCES
1. Crooks RJ (1988) psychology, science, Behaviour and life, Holt,
2. Psychology class notes
3. Internet sauces.
4. McGrath Joseph E, Stress and Behaviour in organization, Marvin D Dunnette ed,
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