GROUP ASSIGNMENT

Organization Structure
Organizing is one of the key elements of management process, and that the knowledge about it enhances both our organizational and personal lives. Therefore, it is important for us to know about what involves in the organizing process. Organizing is the process of orderly establishing uses for all resources within the management system. It can also be defined as the result of the organizing process. It further creates managerial relationships with all organizational resources.
The Bank of Ceylon is committed to promoting business ethics and accountability. As the premier financial services institution in Sri Lanka, the Board of Directors of the bank has undertaken the responsibility to oversee regulatory and legal compliance, controls and governess process of the Bank. Corporate management for their part remains responsible for promoting and monitoring compliance with all applicable laws, rules and regulations. The Bank is formally structured very effectively considering mostly on chain of command. The managerial levels also can be identified clearly. The head of the organization is the chairman who is supported with board of directors. The chairman is an intellectual person and the directors are also in the same status.


Contribution of Human Resources towards a Sparkling Organization
Now a day’s most of the employees are working with an unsatisfaction of the profession what they are doing. They have their own dreams of entrepreneurship. A superior organization does not mean whether it is air-conditioned or it is a huge building covered with glasses with sophisticated computers, the valuable resource of a organization is the manpower, if the manpower is not utilized efficiently the organization won’t be a superior organization.
Utilizing the work force is seen in different ways in different places, first thing is the pleasantness of the employees using an attractive woman, as receptionist is an orthodox tactic used by the management. Young blood concept is another employing unmarried people is another accepted strategy it is believed that utilizing young blood has a masses of strength in them. The gender is highlighted when working after dawn so the women cannot be utilized in this kind of jobs. Basic principles for utilizing work force to maximum productivity.
a. Recognition that people are not simply a production factor but a major source of competitive advantage. (HRD crucial to Business success)
b. People simply not cost of doing business but only resource capable of turning inanimate factors of production into wealth. (Creative Energy)
c. People are most important resources an organization has and managing them effectively is the key to organizational success.
d. HR Policies and Procedures need to be closely linked with the achievements of Organizational objectives and Strategic plans.
e. HR regarded as greatest asset
f. Mgt level of Hierarchy to Command, Control and Commit.
g. HRM & HRD handled by Respective Directorates vested by the Command
h. Great Emphasis for Selection & Training
i. Rewards, Punishment & Welfare Schemes
j. Carrier Development & Promotions
k. Performance Appraisal Schem
The other factor is the uniformity, Uniformity is identity, Mao se Doung used this to show the equalitarianism. It gives a bad impression when you see people loitering around in the organization or employees cliquish in the organization, and the kind of vehicles used by the employees gives a excellent impression towards the organization. The final aspect is the qualifications of the employees, it gives the recognition towards the organization. The organization sustainability depends on Employees behaviour in the society.
a. The sum of activities required to attract, develop and retain people with the knowledge and skills needed to achieve organizational objectives.
b. Directed mainly towards managerial needs for people resources in organizations.
c. Proactive rather than reactive.
d. Commitment rather than compliance.
e. Demand driven.
The directors have no relationship whether financial, business, family or any other material/relevant basis or amongst themselves. Mr. B.A.C Fernando is the General Manager of the Bank and functions as the apex executive in charge of day-to-day management. He also has no relationship with the chairman and any of the other directors. All directors continue to comply with the criteria stipulated by the Banking Act Direction No.11 of 2007 issued by CBSL in regard to their fitness and propriety including age.

Bank Compliance Structure
Board of Directors
Board integrated Risk Management Committee
Chief Risk Officer
Head of Risk/Compliance Officer
Compliance Department


Building blocks of organizing
a. Work Specialization
b. Departmentalization
c. Patterns of authority
d. Span of Control
e. Line and staff positions
Work Specialization
Work specialization means the degree to which the overall tasks of the organization is broken down and divided into smaller parts. Productivity increases when people get specialized. There are specialized people in various areas.
Specialization can be obtained through the division of labor. In simple terms a worker who performs several tasks many times everyday is likely to become more proficient than a worker who performs hundreds of different tasks once a week. The specialization is not limits only to the labor factor, it also can be specialized on land, technical instruments etc.

Following are some of the advantages and disadvantages of Specialization of work.

Advantages
Disadvantages
1. More productivity with the proficiency.
1. Unforeseen collapses of production process.
2. More earnings for the hard working.
2. Labor monopolize with the experience.
3. Increase individual dexterity.
3. More opportunities for labor to transfer another company in the same field.
4. Decrease transfer time.
4. Monotonous of working place.
5. Decrease training cost.
5. High fatigue.

The B of C is not performing this system for the Bottom level managers and their employees. Instead of work specialization they practice work rotation system. They need multi skilled worker who is conversant with all the subjects. Though for the middle level managers and top level managers they implemented the work specialization method as they need to gain professional knowledge in their respective areas. As examples of HR division, Legal division, Audit division, Finance division and IT division.
Departmentalization
Departmentalization is the grouping of jobs according to some logical arrangements. There are several ways of departmentalization.
Functional Departmentalization
Product Departmentalization
Location Departmentalization
Customer Departmentalization
As a service oriented organization B of C is departmentalized on their functions and location. The BOC is structured on location departmentalization though the Head office is structured on functional departmentalization.


Organization Culture
The Culture of the organization needs to be one that values HR and pervades the organization from top to bottom so that all members work together with a shared purpose.
Key Organizational Change Components
As the most effective government institute in the banking sector, BOC have a cooperate culture among employees and employers as well as customers. They always consider the front line customer care service to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of their service.
Front Office Intelligence and Customer Delight
Front office intelligence means, applying your general intelligence, emotional intelligence in a judicious way and offering service much more than what is expected by the customers in a delight full and dignified manner. Front office managers and other frontline personnel in an organization must perform at very high levels of efficiency and effectiveness. The world has been changing rapidly than ever before. Global challenges continues to impact the front office management. More than ever before, people with excellent public relations are needed to represent firms at the front level. Today’s front office people who make no attempt to learn and adapt to changes in the global environment, will find themselves reacting rather than innovating. Their organizations will often become uncompetitive and fall.
The BOC follows following rules to enhance the front office personality.
a. Having a passion for the job
b. Developing a telephonic voice and telephonic culture
c. Being a good role model
d. Developing Pro-active and positive service attitudes
e. Building an image for the organization, through dedicated service.
f. Communicating effectively
g. Treating customers with delight.
h. Always keeping in mind that the “Customer is the king”
i. Always serving the customers with the motto “Customer is always right”
j. Developing and building a pleasing, pleasant and persuasive front office personality for yourself.
Further this institute educates their employees on following aspects to enhance the customer reputation.
a. A Magical Expression: “What can I do for you”
This expression indicates the desire to be of service to others. It can instantly win over your customers. It calls for an understanding, open approach and willingness.
b. A Pleasant Smile
A positive attitude, a glowing face and a captivating smile are the most important facets of an impressive personality. These will create for you an atmosphere for meaningful and effective front line personality.
A smile says to others
§ ‘I Like you’
§ ‘I am glad to meet you’
§ ‘I am Happy to serve you’
§ ‘You are welcome’
c. First Impression Count
When meeting someone for the first time, you have limited information about them and look for clues. They read you from your total appearance. A research has proven convincingly that visual images matter a great deal. He found that the impact we make on each other.
· 55 % On our appearance
· 38 % on our voice
· 7 % On what we say
Your clothes speak louder than you. Note how people around you are dressed and try to adopt in. Always sport a neat look. Even casually dressed your ‘professionalism’ should not be questioned. To make a good first impression, consider the three key elements.
· The Handshake
· Eye Contact
· Your Appearance
How would you describe your handshake? Is it firm, bone crushing or like a jellyfish? Eye contact do you look directly at the other persons face or downwards? Are you always dressed and groomed impeccably? The difference between being dressed and well dressed lies in the details. This includes all areas of fit and grooming.
d. Practice Courtesy On Daily Basis
Courtesy is nothing more than consideration for your customers. It opens doors that would not otherwise open. A courteous person will do well and shine a head of others in an organization.
e. Courtesy : An asset
“All human beings crave for courtesy and appreciation and are repelled by the lack of it.” Good Manners or courtesy is not a sign of weakness, but is the reflection of your inner strength and self-confidence.
f. Listen Well And Earn The Good Will Of Customers
Become a good conversational by making yourself an at tentative listener. Interrupt only to encourage the speakers to talk more, Resist the temptation to fill every brief moment of silence. Try to find something interesting in what is being said.
g. Develop Sense Of Humor
A sense of humor is fundamental for success in dealing with people. A bit of timely good humor can arouse the interest of the customer.

h. Practice Integrity And Sincerity
Build a reputation of being trustworthy. If there is one thing that builds any kind of relationship at work, or socially, it is integrity
i. Admit Your Mistakes
It is always advisable to admit your mistakes if you are wrong. Mistakes should be admitted quickly and openly before they came friction.
j. Feel Sorry: Say Sorry
Many a delicate and embarrassing situation can be avoided by the use of simple word.
k. Argument: Avoid Them
The best way to handle an argument is to avoid it. If there is one, let the customer save his face. Do not let your customer down.
Organization Environment
System View of Organization
Components of the Macro Environment (Organization-Human Resource)
a. Culture – Glue that holds people together and give them their identity
b. Social Institutions – Arises from cultural values and norms
c. Legal Environment – Consists of the law of the society and its fair and impartial treatment
d. Product/Service Demands – Customer needs & wants
e. Technology – State of the art employed in production and delivering goods and services.
f. Human Resources Skills – Varying skills and aspiration levels
Expected Changes in Future
The outlook for consumers and business in all sectors will be shaped by the adjustment process now under way in the global economy and financial markets. Banks across the globe have been weakened by the adverse economic and financial market conditions. To survive and progress in these conditions banks will need to stay away from short term profit maximization, focus on longer term survivability and manage for sustainable growth. For BOC adopting such strategies should not be difficult. Over the years with no share price to maintain and no return hungry shareholders to satisfy, its policies and strategies were by and large focused on sustainable longer term objectives.
Goals for 2009
a. Improve core banking profitability ensuring the pricing of both lending and funding to be under constant review to enable stable financial margins at the net interest income level.
b. Competition for longer term saving deposits is likely to increase threatening the low cost base of what has been a stable source of funds.
c. As the price of deposits, loans and other products become less important in the customer buying decision, they will be focusing more on service as a differentiator to both gain and retain customers.
d. Reliance on money markets to fund the Balance Sheet, particularly at times of stress, has taught a bitter lesson to many global banks.
e. Undiluted application of risk management across the banking system.
f. Given the unfolding recession, the need to control costs take a new more imperative note.
g. Maximizing the benefits of emerging enabling technologies to communicate, respond, innovate and simplify the business of banking is also in the agenda.
h. Leveraging the banking license and operation in London.
i. Focus on managing people more effectively, to reward them for demonstrated performance and ensuring that key people are fit for the purpose are also in the scope for the future.
Organization Development
1. Financing agricultural sector
The bank finances both crop production and processing. BOC is the leader in small farmer credit at subsidized interest rates under new comprehensive Rural Credit Scheme, which covers paddy and other 33 crops. Small farmer credit and crop processing are both backed by FSCs. The bank increasing exposure to agriculture and agro business is amply evident by the increasing operation profits in north central province, which records the largest crop production island wide.
2. Linkage of crop/Livestock Insurance with credit
During the last year the bank entered into a MOU with agriculture and agrarian insurance board (AAIB) to provide crop and livestock insurance to small farmers.
3. Krushi Navodaya Credit program
This program implemented by the ministry of finance focuses on Agricultural production as well as farm inputs.
4. Agro livestock development program
Initiate by the central bank of Sri Lanka during the year, this program aims to establish scientifically managed dairy units across the country, Which would be linked with existing and proposed milk processing plants.
5. Formation of small saving groups
The branch network has selected 10 villagers per branch targeting 3000 villages. Each village would form a minimum of 25 small savings groups culminating in a total at least 75,000 groups.
6. Eastern province Development drive

With the liberation of the eastern province and resulting provincial council and local authority elections, Government has focused attention on the development of eastern province under Negenahira Navodaya Program.
7. Facilities to fisheries sector
The bank Continued with the Dhivara Shakthi credit and savings program, which were structured with the objective of providing sustainable lively hood for the entries fisheries sector numbering over 800,000.
Apart from above developments bank has achieved following objectives in year 2008.
a. The bank continued to upgrade its technological capabilities in improving customer service and efficiency.
b. Two more branches established at Achchuveli and Visaka Vidyalaya, Colombo 4 and 14 extension offices were opened raising the branch network to 306 and extension offices 146 island wide.
c. Additional 47 ATMs were installed during the year increasing the total ATMs to 251.
Conclusion

PUBLIC FINANCE

INTRODUCTION

1. The Parliament of Sri Lanka is the highest law making authority in the country and its members are elected by the people of Sri Lanka. The Parliament consists 225 members which represent different political parties of Sri Lanka. It reserves the power to make all laws of the country. The Speaker or, in his absence the Deputy Speaker presides over Parliament. The President has the power to summon, suspend, prorogue, or end a legislative session and to dissolve the Parliament.
PARLIAMENTARY CONTROLOVER PUBLIC FINANCE

2. The Parliament has full authority to control over public finance of the country. Therefore, the parliament has imposed some rules and regulation when handling the public finance matters. The parliament controls and ensures the accountability of a government for the collection of revenue and its expenditure. Parliamentary control of finance strikes at the very roots of parliamentary democracy. That is why the control of finance is always vested with parliament and never with the executive in a democracy.
3. Mainly the public finance is controlled by the parliament with the following regulatory frame work.
a. Constitution.
(1) Article 148 - Full control over the public finance with the Parliament.
(2) Article 149 - All government revenue flows in to the consolidate funds.
(3) Article 150 - Withdrawal of sum from consolidating funds.
(4) Article 151 - Parliamentary Control over the Contingencies Fund and unforeseen expenditure.
(5) Article 152 - Special Provisions as to Bills affecting public revenue.
(6) Article 153 - Appointment of auditor general.
(7) Article 154 - Duties and functions of Auditor-General.

b. Fiscal Management responsibility Act No. 3 of 2003.
c. Annual appropriation Act.
d. Enabling Acts of parliament.
e. Finance Act No 38 of 1971.
Regulation which empowered to control the public finance.
a. Financial regulation
b. Establishment code
c. Treasury circulars.
d. Ministry directives.
e. Manual of procedures
f. Public enterprises guidelines for good governance.
g. Procurement guidelines.
Other institutional arrangement for the control of public finance by the Parliament.
a. Committee on public Account (.COPA)
b. Committee on public enterprises (COPE)
c. Auditor General
d. Internal Audit
e. Central Bank of Sri Lanka
f. Chief accounting Officer
g. Accounting Officer
Committee on public Account (COPA)
4. This committee is set up under the standing order of the parliament. This committee is included 21 parliament members from the both sides of the House appointed by the committee of selection. The main function of this committee is to examine the appropriation accounts and other accounts laid before the parliament along with the auditor general’s reports and to report to parliament on accounts examined, finances, financial procedures, performance management and any other matters .Further this committee has authority to summon and question any person and called for an examine any paper, book or other document and have access to stores and property.
Committee on public Enterprises (COPE).
5. This committee is set up under the standing orders of the Parliament and includes 21 members from the both side of the House nominated by the committee of selection. The main task is to examine the accounts of public cooperation and of any business and other undertaking vested under any written law in the government laid before the government. Further, report to parliament on the accounts examined budgets and annual estimates and finances and also committee has power to summon and question any person and called for an examine any paper, book or other document and have access to stores and property.

Role of the ministry of finance and planning

6. The Ministry of Finance (MOF) is the government agency that plays a key role in developing fixed-income securities markets. On behalf of the government the Ministry usually act as the official issuer of public debt instruments. The main role and responsibility of the Ministry finance is to create a prosperous society for all the citizen of Sri Lanka and to have them a better quality life. The Main role which play by the finance ministry are providing the necessary financial and economics policy frame work and allocating the resources to facilitate the provision of public services. Following are the main role and the function of the Ministry of finance.
a. Formulation of national economic and financial policies and strategies.
b. Formulation of fiscal and macro fiscal policy management.
c. Preparation of national development and public investment programs.
d. Preparation of the annual budget and management of financial resources
e. Management of national tax policy and effective use of government revenue.
d. Coordination with the Central Bank on the formulation of monetary policies and overall macro economic management.
e. Coordination of public and private sector activities and facilitation of the private sector for economic development.
f. Coordination with international agencies and mobilization of foreign resources ensuring their effective use.
g. Liaising with donor agencies and international financial institutions.
h. Enforcement of government financial regulations.
j. Execution of the national budget and enforcement of budgetary controls.
k. Management of Consolidated Fund.
l. Overall management of revenue agencies.
m. General administrative and monitoring functions in respect of state banking and financial institutions.
n. Cadre Management and Advisory Services on fixing of salaries
o. Co-ordination of public and private sector activities for economic development.
p. Co-ordination of economic policy in relation to international economic agencies.
q. Collection, compilation, analyses and dissemination of statistics.
r. Liaison with Donor Agencies and international financial institutions.
s. Financial reserves of the government.
t. Financial Relations between Government and Provincial Councils and Local Authorities.
u. Overseeing of Departmental and other public funds.
v. Departments’ Statutory fees and charges.
w. Security of Public Officers’ Government Insurance Fund.
x. Contracts and Extra contractual payments in the public sector.
y. Delegation of financial responsibility Claims against the State.
z. Treasury Minutes on reports of the Public Accounts Committee.
aa. Insurance on Government Contracts.
ab. Financial business with Agents and Embassies abroad .
ac, Impress, Advances and deposits from the Treasury.
ad. Bringing to account transactions of all departments.
ae. Receipts and payments on behalf of other Governments.
af. Preparation and Publication of the accounts of the Government.
ag. State Accounts.
ah. Sanction of Official Bank Accounts .
aj. Custody of Duplicate Keys of Government safes.
ak. Cash and Bank balances of Government.
al. Classification of receipts of Government .
am. Government Investments.
an. Loans to Corporations, Bank Guarantees to Government Departments, State Corporations and Boards,
ap. Fixing the dates for the payments of salaries.
Aq. Payments outside the Island.
ar. Accounting of Foreign Aid .
as. Authorised deductions on pay abstracts
at. Provident, Guarantee, Benevolent, Benefit and other funds relating to Government Officers.
au. Financial relations between Government and Statutory Boards and Corporations.
av. Appropriation of Profits of State Corporations.
aw. Repayment of loans to the Consolidated Fund.
ax. Enforcement and administration of the Customs Ordinance.
ay. Enforcement of the Excise Ordinance .
az. Valuation on behalf of Government, Local Government Bodies and State Corporations.
ba. Mobilization and Investment of domestic savings.
bb. Control of Insurance.
bc. Economic Reforms.
bd. Capital investment and Capital Structure of State Corporations and Boards
bc. Foreign Aid and Technical Co-operation.
bd. Administration of all Lotteries.
be. Control of imports and exports
7. To carry out the above role and the function of the ministry of finance and planning, the following institutes are mainly responsible.
a. Department of National planning.
b. Department of Fiscal Policy
c. Department of External Resources.
c. Department of National Budget
d. Department of public enterprises
e. Department of management service
f. Department of legal affairs
g. Department of revenue administration
h. Department of management audit
j. Department of trade, tariff investment policy.
k. Department of development finance
l. Department of Public Finance
m. Department of Treasury Operations.
n. Department of State Accounts.
8. Role and function of department of national planning.
a. Preparation of a long term / Medium term Development Plans and the Investment Programme.
b. Development of a macro-economic framework, strategies.
c. Review of economic development policies, strategies, programmes and project appraisal.
d. Provision of technical inputs for the preparation of the Capital Budget.
e. Preparation of the project Pipe Line.
f. Preparation of observations on Cabinet Memoranda.
g. Implementation of special tasks assigned to the Department.
h. Secretariat to the National Economic Development Council.
9. Roll of the Department of Fiscal Policy.
The main roll of this department is to preparation of the fiscal Management Report annually and Placed before the Parliament by the Honorable Minister of Finance as required under the Fiscal Management (Responsibility) Act No. 3 of 2003

10. Department of External Resources.

This department control over the ministry of finance and it is responsible for the overall management of the foreign aid and donor fro folio. Mainly this department is responsible for the introducing the new strategies for the donor funding and distributing the funds as per the priorities. Further department is responsible for the monitoring of debt of the government.

11. Department of National Budget.
On behalf of the ministry of finance, this department is responsible for the preparation of annual budget and medium term budget annually and as per the government requirement. Forecasting of annual expenditure and income and making of proposals.

12. Department of public enterprises
Main roll of this department is to monitoring and supervision of public enterprises and supervision of privatization transaction.

13. Department of Management Services
This department is responsible for formulation of carder management policies and strategies of the government organization.

14. Department of legal affairs
This department assists to draft of legalization in coordination with the legal department and the attorney Genaral.

15. Department of revenue administration
Main function of this department is to monitor the performances of the revenue department and coordinate all the operation of the exercise , customs and inland revenue department and the board of investment.

16. Department of management audit
Main role of this department is to review of financial and performances audit and to undertake investigation on alleged financial irregularities.

17. Department of trade, tariff investment policy
Main roll is to administer the customs laws and trade policy strategies and monitoring and coordinating of trade agreement investment policies.
18. Department of development finance
Main function is to formulate and development fiancé strategies and to assist development financial institutions on policy related issues.

19. Department of Treasury Operations.
This department is mainly responsible for the cash management of the government and execution of budget. Further, this department is responsible for the management of domestic liquidity and government balance within prudential limits.
20. Roll of the Department of Economic Policy Research.
This Department is totally responsible for the formulation of the policies and strategies relevant to the fiscal matters and this department is controlled by the ministry of finance and it is responsible for the
21. Department of State Accounts.
This department is responsible for the preparation of monthly quarterly state account and preparation of government financial statistics.

22. Department of Public Finance
Roll of this department is to coordinate overall government procurement and coordinate all aspect relating to the financial regulation.

23. Conclusion
. Today there is a need to strengthen parliamentary control over public finances as perhaps the most significant area of governance and accountability that requires institutional capacity building. Ministry of finance also plays a key role on the financial matters of the County.


Bibliography

1. www.treasury .lk
2. Lecture notes.
3. Public finance 7th edition by RK Harvey S Rossen.
4. Mid year fiscal report 2008.
5. Parliament and public accountability in Sri lanka, prof: WA Vishwa warnapala

HRM

Question 02
Part - 01

HUMAN RESOURCES STRATEGIC PLAN FORAIR FORCE PERSONNEL

CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Nature of Warfare Changing
3. Changing Force Demographics
4. Methodology for Strategy Development
5. Mission, vision and values
6. Lines of Operation
a.. Line of Operation 1: Increase Willingness of Sri lankan Public to recommend military Service to Our Youth
b. Line of Operation 2: Recruit the Right Number and Quality
c. Line of Operation 3: Develop, Sustain and Retain the Force
d. Line of Operation 4: Transition Members from Active Service
e. Line of Operation 5: Sustain the Process and Maintain its Viability

7. Conclusion






















INTRODUCTION

1. We are the leaders of tomorrow’s Air Force. In the future, our Service will face changes as the result of many forces including new technologies, and strengthening. As professional military officers, we are expected to be experts in our career field, but we must also be skilled leaders. Many skills are essential for leading tomorrow’s Air Force. Refining, improving and implementing effective organizational changes will not be easy. This assignment attempts to discuss how to develop a HRD strategic plan for Air Force to meet the future challenges and requirement. In the future challenges are very dynamic and leaders must be prepared to face these challenges. It is the leaders’ capability to applying the HR concept and theories for managing the people in the future. Over the past several years, the Sri Lanka Air Force has seen many functional and concept changes within the Organization. These changes have come in many forms and from forces applied from both inside and outside the Service. Implementation of the new Wing concept, organizational structure changes, realigning and consolidating Air Force specialty codes, and even redesign of the service dress uniform are few examples of changes generated from within the Air Force. The Air Force has increased its military strength, new recruitment by over the past ten years due to the existing security commitment.
2. Due to the 25 years war against the terrorism over the last several years, there have been significant changes in our society and these changes have had a significant impact on the Sri Lanka Air Force. To overcome this impact the Air Force has recruited more officers and men and also the lot of military sources like air craft, radars, weapons, ammunitions etc. Being the resources are very limited in the Air force it is highly essential to formulate a HR strategic plan to get the maximum out of the available resources. Today the various recruitment is going on and lot of recruits are coming in daily but the available materials like billets, beddings, uniforms etc, are not sufficient. Therefore, it is highly essential to develop a strategic plan for Human resources development to allocate and to improve the standard of the men and materials of the air force.
Nature of Warfare Changing

3. With the end of the 25 years battle against the LTTE, The Sri Lanka Air force has
Experienced the fundamental changes in the nature of warfare. Thought, the battle is over, whole the terrorism has not eradicated from the country and the world. It may come in the future too. So that the organization has to consider these requirement also when making a HR strategy plan. New Air Force Bases are going to be established at Iranamadu and the Mulathive and also new areas has been demarcated to dominate by the Air force. Most of the Air craft has to fly for various purposes like commercial flight ,troops transporting ,admin matters, sea reconnaissance , Un mission etc diverting from the war scenarios. Therefore, In the future, many Officers and airmen will have to adjust to the situation and have to work time away from home. This increasing time away from home has the potential to impact retention negatively and will need to be managed carefully.

Changing Force Demographics

4. The demographics of the force are also changing. More than half of the enlisted recruits have at least three passes for Ordinary Level examination. However, their compensation is more consistent with their peers in the private sector who have not completed any education qualification. In the officer carder, 98% have Advance level passes qualification and almost quarter of them (25%) are having advanced degrees. The Air force has also experienced a dramatic increase in the number of members that are married and have families. More than half of the strength is married (54%), and 47% of the force has children. In addition, 70% of military spouses are employed which is increased over just the past five years. During the war time, the absent rates of the organization were very high and reason for that not only the war but also some personal problem too.






Methodology for Strategy Development

5. Following steps were taken in to consideration when preparing the human resource
strategic plan.

a. Analyze the current human resource management system of the Air Force and a brief look at how it came into being.

b. Researching the history of our current system and began an effort to capture the guidance from the Ministry of Defense.

c. Using above information and many other sources of recent information on
military human resource management, developed a set of questions the strategy must address and also developed a mission statement to focus our future efforts.

d. Based on these background documents, i developed discrete Lines of Operation with supporting actions and measures of effectiveness.


Where are we now
How did we get here
Capture Leadership’s
Guidance Regarding
Human Resources

Develop List of questions/ issues to be addressed by HR strategic Plan

Develop
Mission
Statement

Re-Look

Develop Lines
of Operation/
supporting
Actions

Refine Actions
Associated with
Each
Line off
Operation

Develop Measures
Of Effectiveness

Complete
Plan














Methodology for Strategy Development
Where Are We Now?How Did We Get Here?
Develop Mission Statement

Vision

6. To establish a one of the best Air force in the World

Mission

7. To draft a human resourses strategic development plan for the Sri lanka Air force that ensure the right number of military personnel have the requisite skills, abilities, and motivation to effectively and efficiently execute assigned missions.

Values of the Organization
8. Following are the main values of the Sri lanka Air force.
a. Commitment to the service.
b. Teamwork
c. Professionalism
d. Task completion

Lines of Operation

9. The Sri lanka Air force will execute a series of mid-term and long term actions over the execution, budget, and Program Objective Memorandum years to leverage its resources and energy in order to best achieve the human resource actions. This plan is organized under five Lines of Operation.







Increase willingness of sri lankan public to recommend military service to our youth


Recruit the Right number and quality

Develop, sustain, and retain the Force

Transition members from Active Status

Sustain the Process and Maintain its Viability

right number of military personnel have the requisite skills, abilities, and motivation to effectively and efficiently execute assigned missions.

1
2
3
4
5














The status of actions within the plan will be assessed periodically by Director planning to ensure successful execution and to make appropriate course corrections. Actions within each of the lines of operation are focused on some aspect of the personnel life cycle and are ultimately aimed at ensuring the Sri Lanka Air Force has the kinds of people to achieve its mission.







Line of Operation 1:
Increase the willingness of Sri lankan public to recommend military service to our youth.

10. The Chief recruiting Officer will start a wide advertising campaign all over the country covering the whole the villages of the country through mass media to accomplish the undermentioned main objectives.

a. Increase the willingness of peers, parents, other adult influencers, and opinion makers outside the Armed Forces to recommend Air force to youth;
b. Increase the willingness of members of the government organization to recommend military service to youth.
c. Increase employer awareness of the importance of supporting Reserve members.
d. Increase the willingness to join the Air force by Motivating school leavers and commence the programme to educate the student on the value of the Air force.
e. Carry out personal relation programme to develop the public positive opinion towards the Organization.

Line of Operation 1
Increase willingness of sri lankan public to recommend military service to our youth

Implementation
Date

Critical Milestones

Current Status

Increase the willingness of peers, parents, other adult influencers, and opinion makers outside the Armed Forces to recommend Air force to youth;

1 Jan 2010

1. Obtain budget to implement.
2. Develop advertising concept for specific
Markets.
3. Gain higher approval.
4. Execute communications campaign.
5. Measure effectiveness of campaign.

1. Budget eliminated.
2. Budget threatened (appeal).
3. Measures of
Effectiveness revised.

Increase the willingness of members of the government organization to recommend the Air force to youth.

1 Jan 2010
1. Obtain budget to implement.
2. Develop advertising concept.
3. Gain leadership approval.
4. Execute communications campaign.
5. Measure effectiveness.


1budget eliminated.
2. budget threatened (appeal)
3. Developing/
conducting
workshops to
disseminate results

Increase employer awareness of the importance of supporting Reserve members.

















Increase the willingness to join the Air force by Motivating school leavers and commence the programme to educate the student on the value of the Air force.

1 Jan 2010


















On progress now
1.Obtain increased funding.
2. Award personnel services contract to support Field Representative Management of Committees.
3. Synchronize Public Affairs mission with committee activities and goals.
4. Increase operation budget of committees upon receipt of funding.
6. Establish reporting requirements for committees to follow.
7. Measure committee effectiveness against
Established goals.
8. Adjust programs) as required.
1. obtaining the funds
2. Changing attitude of the children.
3. Propaganda campaign for school children.
1. Employer data
base increased in
size.
2. Developing
strategic plan to
increase employer
Contacts.
3.Enhancing
Ombudsman data
base.









1. Keeping contact with School principles.
2. Educating of school children.
Carry out personal relation programme to develop the public positive opinion towards the Organization.

Awaiting funding
1. Funds allocating
2. obtain the public feed back
3. Changing of opinion of public.
1. Carrying out public relation programme .















Line of Operation 2:

Recruit the right number and quality

11. Previous years the willingness to join Air force was very poor and after winning the war the large number of youths is coming for interviews. When considering the future requirement, the Air force simply cannot meet carder requirements without recruiting the right numbers. During the war period, the minimum qualification requirement was put down due to the less numbers coming for the interviews. Therefore, the quality of the air force somewhat degraded. But in the future, those problems also have to be addressed logically. Following key actions are taken to accomplish this objective.

a. Achieving qualitative and quantitative goals for active, Guard, and reserve components for both airmen and officer requirements.
b. Promoting effective and efficient selection and assignment testing procedures to maximize the potential of all enlisted Service members.
c. Aggressively pursuing a workforce with diverse race, ethnic, and socioeconomic backgrounds;
d. Establishing transparent opportunities between the active and reserve components. One of the specific initiatives will be to develop and test a lateral entry program based on civilian acquired skills.

e. Developing Man power data Base to have a record of the Officers and Airmen to monitor them closely and for easy administration.


Line of Operation 3:
Develop, sustain and retain the force

12. To make recruiting quantitative and qualitative goals each year, the Air force must turn the volunteers into the airmen and must ensure that the requisite number of these young people choose to stay in and participate in the career force. The following actions are recommended to accomplish these objectives.

a. Determining if current incentives motivate performance and retain or transition members at the right time.
b. Maintaining an environment conducive to retention.
c. Reviewing language and cultural training curricula and making adjustments as appropriate;
d. Studying the interrelationship of variable officer career lengths, promotion timing, and in career compensation and benefits to ensure optimal career patterns and also determining the optimal active duty service obligation.
e. Completing a study already initiated on Service programs designed to f. prepare officers to serve as staff officers.
g. Validating retention metrics.
h. Conducting a study on an indefinite re enlistment option for enlisted members.
j. Given a commitment to systems that are more productive, and less manpower intensive, reviewing grade structure and qualitative requirements;
k. Reviewing opportunities to improve the alignment of manpower (spaces) and personnel (faces), and their supporting management systems;
l. Achieving cost-effective human resource programs.

Line of Operation 4:
Transition members from Active Status

13. As a Military organization it has been recognized that it is important to transition Officers and airmen in a way that fosters respect for their Service and encourages transitioning members to be positive spokespersons for the military way of life. Following points are recommended to accomplish this objective.
a. Studying the means of enhancing participation, portability, vesting and equity of military retirement alternatives and propose appropriate recommendations;
b. Enhancing programs that assist members in transitioning between components, other government service and or the private sector;
c. Reviewing programs designed to inform members of transition benefits.


Line of Operation 5:
Sustain the process and maintain its viability

14. While this objective does not pertain to the personnel life cycle, it does ensure that the military human resource strategy remains a viable and relevant tool to manage the Director of planning. The primary action under this objective is to establish a process and forum to review regularly the progress on actions in the plan and to re-evaluate the plan on a routine basis to ensure it still meets the current and future needs of the Organization












Part - 02

Introduction

1. It is a responsibility of the Leader of any organization to draft a Human resources plan to forecast the future carder requirement and how to use the available resources effectively and efficiently for the benefit of the organization. The following procedure and process were carried out when preparing the above human resourses development plan.

Procedure and process

2. The above HRM Plan is built upon an understanding of the air force vision, mission, values, and strategic programmes and challenges which may face in the future.


Processing HRM Plan - A Step-by-Step Approach

3. The processing of HRM Plan is carried out through 5 steps. Following are the steps which considered when building up the HRM plan.

5 Steps in processing a HRM Plan

Step - 01.

4. Conduct a organizational strategic analysis: The results of this step are an understanding of the Air force vision, mission, values; a strategic review of the department; and understanding of the challenges facing the airforce.

Step – 02
5. Identify the present strategic HR issues arising from the strategic analysis: Building on the results of step one, the outcome of this step is an analysis of the strategic HR issues facing the organization.



Step – 03
6. Identify ongoing HR issues: In addition to the strategic HR issues identified in step two, the ongoing HR issues impacting the Air force effectiveness also be identified.

Step – 04
7. Prioritize the strategic and ongoing HR issues and determine actions: Once all the HR issues have been identified through steps two and three, they should be prioritized and key actions required in respect of each issue identified with input from the Air force top management.

Step – 5

8. Draw up the HRM Plan: Once the organization’s top management has given their input into the HR priority issues and key actions to be taken in step four, the HRM Plan and its associated programmes are ready to be formulated.

Step 1 - Conduct organizational Strategic Analysis

9. The first step in processing the Plan was to obtain a clear understanding of the Sri lanka air force objectives, programmes and key challenges. This understanding obtained by conducting a strategic analysis. Strategic of the force objectives which are usually articulated through the vision, mission, values, and strategic programmes

a. Identify strategic challenges consist of both internal challenges such as internal organizational issues and external challenges such as responding to changing public expectations.

b. Review the key documents of the Air force. These include the organization vision, mission, and values, programmes, and other strategic documents.

c. Interview senior staff officers and men to obtain their views on the organization direction, critical success factors and challenges.

d. Interview the organizational airmen and airwomen to get the participation of the subordinate views.
e. Interview the Civil staff of the air force to get their opinion.
f. Get the opinion of the Public regarding the Air force HR issues..

Step 2 - Identify the Strategic HR Issues

10. Once obtain a clear understanding of the organization's objectives, direction and key challenges is established, the next step in formulating the HRM Plan that is to identify the strategic HR issues pertaining to the Air force. These are the key HR issues that will affect the organization's ability to achieve its strategic objectives.

a. Increase in manpower requirements of the Air force
b. Heavy demand for training for new recruits at present
c. Officers required to spend more time on recruitment and new recruits
d. Training to develop new skills.
e. Increasing public expectations for service quality.
f. Need to communicate new service standards and assessment methods
g. Training on improving service quality

Review the following checklist to determine if there are any additional HR issues tied to the organization’s strategic objectives, direction and challenges.

11. Identifying the HR issues arising from the strategic analysis

a. Do people have the competencies to meet the strategic objectives? What new Competencies are required?
b. How are superior performers differentiated from average performers? What systems are in place to track their performance?
c. How can below standard performers be guided/developed to upgrade their
Performance?
d. Are people being developed to meet the challenges of the future? What improvements need to be made?
e. Are people motivated to meet the current and future challenges? What is impacting their motivation?
f. Are the right people being attracted and retained to meet the future challenges? If not, what can be done to attract people of the right caliber?
h. Is the current culture aligned with the vision, mission, and values of the department?
j. Where is the misalignment?
k. Is the manpower level sufficient to meet the future organization requirements?

Step 3 - Identify Ongoing HR Issues

12. After having a close supervision on the above steps, the key ongoing HR issues to be identified and address, otherwise these issues may eventually escalate, impacting the morale and effectiveness of the organization. Identify the issues facing the organization and these may relate to manpower planning, recruiting, performance management, training & development, and staff relations.

a. Conduct interviews: Interviews with the different managerial level of the organization covering the area of current HR issues like manpower planning, recruiting, performance management, training & development, and staff relations.

b. Conduct employee focus groups. Focus different groups and discuss the HR issues. All participants will feel comfortable contributing during the focus group, the focus groups will be led by trained facilitators and the composition of the focus groups will be carefully planned ahead of time.

c. Conduct staff opinion surveys: Staff opinion surveys demonstrate the department's commitment to soliciting everyone's input on the HRM Plan, provide an objective way to evaluate staff attitude towards the organization, and the results can serve as a measurable benchmark for improvement.

Step 4 - Priorities the HR Issues and Determine Actions

13. Up to this point, the strategic and ongoing HR issues facing the department have been compiled. Not all the issues will be of equal importance or urgency. They need to be prioritized with the input of the top management team. Prioritizing the issues helps ensure that the HRM Plan focuses on the department's most critical issues.Involve the top management of the organization in confirming and prioritizing the issues compiled to date. The top management team should also give input on the actions that should be taken to address the key issues. Top management involvement in prioritizing HR issues and identifying actions is critical because it reinforces the line management role in human resource management and the HRM recommendations are actionable within the constraints of the department develops top management commitment to and ownership for the HRM Plan implementation.

a. Collate the research findings up to this point. Analyze them critically with a view to articulating the strategic objectives and direction, critical success factors and strategic challenges.

 b. Compile a preliminary list of the HR issues and identified and group according to logical categories, e.g. training, recruitment. etc.

c. Conduct a top management strategic HRM workshop. The objectives of the workshop are to:
(1) Present findings on the strategic challenges and HR issues.
(2) Priorities the HR issues.
(3) Develop action to address the current and future HR issues.
(4) Prepare the ground work for structuring the HRM Plan.
(5) Discuss, confirm and prioritize the HR issues (identified from the findings of the strategic analysis and those ongoing HR issues).

HRM Workshop Agenda

i. Introduction /Workshop Objectives
ii. Overview of Strategic Direction & Challenges
iii. Presentation of Strategic / Ongoing HR Issues
iv Group Discussion, Prioritization of HR Issues, Develop Strategic responses to Address HR Issues
v. Develop Action Plans


Strategic HRM workshop a key turning point in achieving line
Step 5 - Draw up the HRM Plan

14. Once the HR issues have been prioritized and the top management team has given their input into the direction of the HRM Plan, the Plan is ready to be drawn up. The Plan is unique and specific to the organization. It represents the top management team's collective view on how the identified HR issues are to be addressed.

a. After obtaining management's input on how to address the HR issues, make additional recommendations, if any, to address the identified and prioritized HR issues.
b. Group the recommendations into approximately 5-10 programme headings, e.g. training, staff relations, etc.
c. Draw up various HRM programmes which taken together will form the HRM plan.Each programme contain an explanation of its strategic importance, objectives, and recommendations.
d. Prepare a summary list of HRM programmes covering the programme headings and their key objectives for easy reference.
e. Circulate the HRM Plan to concerned parties for comments.
f. Incorporate comments and finalize the HRM Plan.
g. Upon finalization of the Plan, organization consider identifying a "driver programme" in implementing proposals in the Plan. The programme may also serve as the platform for implementing and reinforcing the other related HRM programmes, e.g. performance management can "drive" the development of competencies, identification of training and development gaps, career development and succession plans.


CONCLUSION

15. It should be noted that ‘‘a common view today is that the formulation of strategy is easy, but the real issues and problems are those of implementation, and that the conventionally prescriptive approach to strategy ignores the degree to which strategy in real business emergent rather than directed’’. This reflects that strategy, in order to be responsive to constantly changing internal and external environment factors. Strategic planning process need to be flexible in order to take best advantage of changing condition like cultural, social fluctuation or operational demand.

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR

Case 01
(a) Has there been anything wrong in the reaction.
When studying this case study, it is understood that there is a wrong reaction which has been taken by the organization to eliminate the employees being unionized. As per the this case, there has been a movement to unionize by the employees to demand some rights but the organization has not taken step to solve the problem which caused for the unionize giving a proper solution. Other than finding a solution for the cause, the organization has tried to please the employees and the community with the present treatments given by the employer. In this situation the organization must understand the real problems of the employers and try to find a solution after having discussing with them. Here it has not been happened and instead of discussing the matter, the company has directly tried to neutralize the employers demand which lead for the unionization by using the advertisement and propaganda campaign to show it was not harassing the employees but that were pushing for a union..

(b) Has the management taken correct steps?
When analysing this cased study it is observed that management of this organization has not taken correct steps to solve this problem in correct way .Management should have taken steps to discuss this problem with the employees with the consideration of the causes which lead for the unionize. But the management has not taken steps and they have tried to cover up the bad image which occurred due to the unionize, by publishing the advertisement in the local news paper showing that they are not harassing the employers and trying to push out the union. Further action which has been taken by the company to eradicate the supporter of union is not fair. Putting up posters concentrating on the good aspect of the company is not provided a solution for the employers being unionized. It is only temporarily solution given to avoid the problem. Company must investigate the actual problem of the employers and should try to find solutions.
This management should investigate and identify the problem which leads for unionization because if the company management is in good order, the employees do not unionize. But management has failed to identify the problem till the employees unionized. Other thing is the management has not taken steps to have face to face discussion or dialog session with the union leaders to find a solution for the reason being unionized.

© Were both employer and employee reading the other’s intensions correctly?
When studying this case, it is understood that both the employer and the employees are less communicate among each other. That has dragged the problems since long period till the employee being unionized. As per the case, both the employer and the employee were not reading the other’s intension correctly. Because, the action and reaction which had been taken by the both parties had directly affected to the whole organization and the related people to the organization like stake holders, customers, suppliers, and government agents investors etc. In this case employer had not though about the employees and management had thought only for the outside influences mentioned above to minimize the damage which may come from external environmental souses due to this company expose to the open system. When considering about the employee side. They also had not thought about the other intension correctly. Any organization or any business, their main mission is to earn the profit giving or selling some goods or service and earn profit and to develop it further. But in this case the employee has directly gone for a union and tried to find a solution. But the employees would have though about the bad out come which arisen after being unionized .How it effect to the stake holders, share market ,customers, other sub dealers, company reputation, company production, government attitude etc must be thought before go for a union. Employee has not thought on that and they have gone for a union. Ultimately the company may fall down due to not thinking about the others intension correctly by the both the employees and the employer.









d. What would be the best way out?
The best way is to not to unionize by the employee s and find a solution after having some discussion with the employer and the employees. That will be a long lasting solution for the organization. When the both the employer and the employee are agreed the solution will be very strong and trade union may not arisen.
Other thing the managers should know how to managing this type of union and how to handle the situation without getting harm to the organization. Management can use or one or more of the following to avoid arising trade union or conflict among group of organization.

a. Problem solving – Face to face meeting with the employer and employees for the purpose of identifying the problem and resolving it through open discussion.
b. Super ordinate goals - Creating a shared goal that can not be attained without the cooperation of the each of the conflicting parties.
c. Expansion of resources – When a conflict is caused by the scarcity of a resource say money, office space, promotion opportunities, expansion of the resources can create a win-win solution.
d. Compromise - By convincing each party in the dispute to sacrifice something of value or some objectives.
e. Altering the human variable – Using behavioural changes technique such as human relation training, to alter attitudes and behaviour.
f. Altering the structural variable - Changing the organizational structure and the interaction pattern through job redesign, transfers and creating of coordinating position.






Case 02

a. Will the husband or wife do the house work and which will suit?

1. Today the many families have to decide whether both the husband and wife should work away from home to earn some extra money for their day today life and for future expenses. It is immaterial that whether husband or wife do the day today home work like cocking , cleaning ,washing ,attending children commitment etc. but both must have a proper plan to share their maximum time on behalf of the family needs and it will help to run their marriage smoothly, healthy and strongly.
2. Actually, is it required to work both the husband and wife away from home, it is questionable and answer will be vary form one to another. The modern world the requirement of individual and families will be very high according to their life style and the level of the living standard. Therefore, parent has to come to a conclusion before employing and has to consider whether the salary receiving from the job worth for the commitment which loose at home due to the employment.
4. However, it is very important that one parent must be at home to look after the family requirement and other family related matters. If the parent has small children, it is highly essential mother to be at home and attend the work like breast feeding, washing; ironing, cocking etc and some home work are much related to the wife than the husband. But in case of the parent does not have children or old relatives to look after, they have some room to work both parent.
5. Finally considering the facts mentioned above, it is highly recommended that mother should be at home to full fill the domestic requirement and also to function the family healthy, wealthy and peacefully without any problem. If it is really required to employ by the both the parent due to financial problem. Mother can start a job which can be done at home to earn some money and father can work away from the home.

b. Another problem that must be examined is the extra money created by both parent working versus overall family well-being. To reduce the effect of the stressors will the company work with the employees to find a schedule

1. When considering this case study, it is required to examine weather the time dedication for overall family well being worth versus the monotony benefits which is received from working away from the home and also has to think about the stress which created being away from the home.
2. To reduce the impact on this, parent has to consider the costs for children and aging dependents. Probably the biggest expenses are the child care. How much it costs depends on the kind of care you want for your children. Finding a child care that parent can trust, that child likes and that family can afford may be another biggest problem facing. Even if the family has not children, they may need to consider care for dependent relative, such as an aged parent living with the family. In addition to that lot of expenses may incur due to the out side work like extra money for meals ,no time for house keeping matters and outside person may be hired, Compulsory health insurance policies which relevant to the work. Transport charges ect. Parent has to calculate actual worth of these home commitment values and the benefits which gain from the job.

3. Working both parent away from the home, it is unavoidable thing that creating stress among the parent. Thought they work physical work at the work place but their mind may work thinking their family problem or any commitment at home. In this case study, it is questionable that the facilities and steps (remove shift work, flexible work time, communication facilities to contact with family members, counseling facilities) which have been taking from the company is sufficient to reduce the parent stress. In the company or work place point of view, how long these facilities can be affordable is another problem.
4. However, the companies are not possible to work out a proper plan to find an exact solution to reduce the stresses of the company workers but Company may adopt various method to minimize the stresses of individuals.
a. Some offices buy gifts for co-workers who get married or have a baby.
b. Send flowers or other forms of condolences when a family member of
Co-worker dies.
c. There may be a “courtesy fund” set up to cover these and other expenses
in any case.
d. Introduce none competitive exercise like jogging, swim, ride bicycles, arranges some games.
e. Introduce relaxation technique, such as meditation or biofeedback is used to control stress full situation.
f. Having friends, family or work colleagues to talk provide an outlet when stress level becomes excessive.
h. Enrich job either by improving job content factors (such as responsibility, recognition and opportunities for achievement
c. Stress does not have to be an unmanageable side effect of business. Discuss this statement.

1. In any organization or any business, the numerous factors may lead to create lot of tresses among the employer and the employees. Mainly the factors which effect to create stress can be created due to the unmanageable side effects of the business or the organization. But this is not totally true because the stress of any individual create not only due to the side effects of particular business but also due to the other external factors too.
2. In point of business view, the following factors can be taken in to consideration as the main factors which lead to create the stress. Mainly organizational policies, structure, physical conditions, and process.
3. As an examples, the inability of managing or getting decision on organizational policies such as pay inequities, performances reviews, inflexible rules, rotating work shifts, procedures, frequent relocation, job whether realistic or unrealistic etc. can cause job stress.
4. The unmanageable condition of a physical condition of a business also may effects to create the stress of the workers. For example such physical conditions as crowding and lack of privacy, excessive noise and heat, presence of toxic chemicals or radiation, air pollution, inadequate lighting can cause job stress. Some of these are manageable not whole but some extend but it is depending on the top level manager’s ability and the perception.
5. And also the organizational processors such as poor communication, poor feed back about the performances, conflicting goals, inadequate information, and inaccurate measurement of performances can cause the job stress. These are manageable and can be rectified if the organization need.
6. When considering the above facts it is revealed that most of the causes which effect to create the stresses can be manageable up to some extend but not all. Level of the stress of the individual varies due to the affection of internal environment of the business and the external souses like family related matters. Further, to reduce this stress condition, the organization can introduce lot method, like counselling, creating a supportive organizational climate, avoiding stress full situation ect.
Case -03
a. Explain to your friend the concepts such as MARS model of individual performance and type of work related behaviours are not common sense.
1. Motivation, Ability, Role perception, Situational factor is directly affected to the individual performances and behaviours of the employees of any organization. These factors can not be taken as the common sense because it can influence the individual voluntarily behaviours. When discussing this case, the MARS factors must be studied further to understand weather these are related to the common sense or not.
a. Motivation factor – Stephen P Robin a management Scholar has defined motivation as the willingness to achieve organizational goals, through a high level of employee effort. According to this definition if we motivate the employees we can drive them to achieve organizational goals by effort. Motivation is not a common sense because motivation of employees should be done by some one else to get the employers up to the management desired level. Some time the organization may experience inefficiency of employees, absenteeism, employees’ unrest, lateness etc but employer should have an ability to motivate them by using various motivation tactics like rewards, changing work condition, salary increment, Job security, career development, recognition, training and development etc.
b. Ability - Any one‘s ability can not be totally considered as the common sense. There is a relation between the common sense and the ability but the ability comes from the individual knowledge, skills, techniques, rights, attitudes and experience. Initially it should be learnt or educated from the outside sources. Ability of individual can not be considered as the common sense. Because the ability of individuals may influence the performances of the organization.
Efforts + ability +good environment lead for the high performances of the company. Ability may be vary individual to individual and can be improve by training,

c. Role perception - Abilities and skills of individual include both the physical psychological characteristics. For example dexterity, mental ability ctc. Role perception means individuals know how to direct their efforts towards completing the task effectively. A person performs well if he has clear role perception, necessary skills, abilities and motivation to exert enough effort. Further if a person has an incorrect role perception he might spend a large amount of his time in unproductive efforts which will not contribute to effective job performance. Relation between the common sense and the role perception is very less, because when achieving the organizational goals, individuals have to put their maximum efforts to make success the target with the help of their knowledge ability, training, etc.
d. Situational factors - Various situational factors which faced by the organization is vary from time to time and the situation to situation. The action taken by the individuals for each situation will be depend on the individuals capabilities, experience, knowledge and ability and role perception .Further in this situation the common sense also will be help to handle the some situation in addition to the factors mentioned above. But the situational factors are not totally defended on the common sense. It is combination of common sense and the individual capabilities.

b. Next, you will want to inform him about his misconceptions pertaining to organizational behaviour being opinion. Explain to your friend, there is a difference between an opinion and using research to improve the way things are viewed.

As per the case study, friend has a misconception pertaining to the organizational behaviour. As per the friend opinion he think that organizational behaviour is a normal day today activities of the organization and no need to do study or research for further improvement. But this is a wrong concept because he has come to this conclusion without positive knowledge on the organizational behaviour and the valid proof to prove the concept.
Organizational behaviour is not a normal activity of the organization. It is mainly functioned on the behaviour of the individual and groups within the organization and the interaction between the organization and the external environmental factors. .
In any organization needs research and development programme to uplift the existing standard of employers and employees of the organization. Then only the organization will go up and achieve its target. When doing research it is required to find the details of the particular subject and needs facts and figures and finally can come to the findings and recommendation which may suite for organization development. But the normal opinion of the friend regarding the organization will not suite because that can not be improve anything in the organization. Therefore using researchers are required to uplift the standard of the organization.





















Bibliography

1. Hartgroove,F,J (1990) Organization, communication &culture
2. Luthans Fred, (1989) Organizational behaviour
3. McGrath Joseph E,(1983) stress & Behaviour in Organization
4. Hodgetts R.M and Altman (1979) Organizational behaviour
5. Internet sauces

NOTES ON GEOPOLITICS

WHAT SHOULD BE THE MAIN ELEMENTS OF A POST- LTTE GEOPOLITICS OF SRI LANKA


Introduction

1. After fighting approximately three decades against the LTTE, the present government could achieve a historical victory against the terrorism in Sri Lanka. The government of Sri lanka was officially announced the death of the leader of LTTE founder and chief-for-life, Velupillai Prabhakaran, without any doubt. Government security forces could kill the LTTE leader while trying to escape from the tiny strip of land in northern Sri Lanka where he had been cornered by the Sri Lankan Army (See the map below). Most of the top LTTE leadership, as well as Charles Anthony, Prabhakaran’s son, were also been killed. As per the present intelligence sources, higher leader ship of the LTTE Organization have been killed and only few are remaining in the locally and internationally.
2. Government troops launched the humanitarian operation from the east (Mavillaru) on and simultaneously it moved towards the Northern Province after winning the eastern province operation. Mainly the security forces took the geographical advantages of the country when launching operation. First the Security forces dominated the Western cost and supply route was cut off and all the assistance came from the South India and Western sea cost was stop. After that, all the important geographical localities which have been captured LTTE was recaptured by the security forces one by one and finally they were surrounded to a small land escape close to the Nandi Kadal lagoon at Eastern coast where whole the story ended up.



Brief history of LTTE

4. The LTTE firstly started paving its path by linking with the Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF) even before the TULF obtained a formal mandate from the Tamil people for a separate Tamil state in 1977.In the mid 1970s ,the TULF leader Appapillai Amirthalingam clandestinely supported the LTTE. Amirthalingam believed that his position as the political leader of the Tamil people would be enhanced if the could exercise control over the Tamil insurgent group. The TULF helped the LTTE to emerge as a powerful force. Amirthalingam, he not only introduce Uma maheshwaran to Prabakaran who later become a military wing leader but also NS Krishnan who was appointed as the first international representative of LTTE ,laid the foundation for overseas activities. Krishnan introduced the LTTE theoretician and ideologue Anton Balasingham who was a former Tamil journalist and a translator at the British High Commission in Colombo. Later the LTTE developed the its international component called Elam Revolutionary Organizers (EROS), founded by Elyathamby Rathnasabhapathy .While he was residing in London on the LTTE account, could develop an excellent relation with Sayed Hamami, the Palestinian Liberation front (PLO) representative in London, which eventually led to the close relation ship with the PLO and subsequently military training for the LTTE. As a result in early 1977, Vichweshwaran alias Visu of EROS (later LTTE) AND Uma maheshwaran of LTTE (Later PLOTR) ,traveled to Lebanon and trained with Fattah in Palestine. Upon reaching Jaffna back the both put in charge of the military training to train the followers. The LTTE later developed close ties with the Indian Tamil Nadu as well as the central government.

5. The rise of the LTTE, in the early 1980s, was accompanied by the brutal silencing of dissent across a wide political spectrum within the Tamil community. The LTTE embraced a fascist political culture, and proceeded systematically to eliminate politicians, intellectuals and activists struggling for Tamil political rights. Many of these, such as Rajani Thiranagama, Neelan Tiruchelvam and Kethesh Loganathan – could now have been making a contribution in chalking out the future of a post-LTTE Sri Lanka.
Main elements of a post – LTTE Geo politics


Displaced Tamil population.

6. After wining the military battle ,the government has faced the battle of resettling of the Internally Displaced People (IPD).Nearly 300000 of civilians were displace due to the war and they were temporarily placed in several IDP camp which were commenced by the government before putting them in their original residence which left due to the conflict . To expedite the resettlement of the Northern displaced people, the Army has commenced mopping up operations in the area to search for explosives, weapons and anti personnel mines buried in the North and weapons stashed in hidden locations, repairing infrastructure and help rebuild houses before bringing an environment conducive for the internally displaced people to return to these areas reclaimed by the terrorists. Soon after removing the antipersonnel mines and other dangerous explosives by the security forces, the IDPs would be resettled in their own habitats.
7. According to the Ministry of Resettlement and Disaster Relief Services sources there are five zones in Vavuniya district where the IDPs are housed in 22 welfare centers. Accordingly 15,236 families numbering 46,458 persons in zone-01 (Anandakumarasuwamy Village), 28,138 families numbering 73,306 persons in zone-02 (Ponnambalam Ramanathan Village), 14,932 families numbering 42,812 persons in zone-03 (Arunachchalam Village), 13,918 families numbering 40,421 persons in zone-04 and 5,247 families numbering 18,829 persons in (Kadirgamar Village) are housed in these welfare centers. Meanwhile, arrangements have been made to set up zone-5 to provide shelter for nearly 25,000 IDPs to minimize congestion in the existing centers.
8. In addition to the resettlement camp, the government has been launched several programmes to improve health facilities for the IDPs. Several new programmes have been introduced to avoid the spreading of epidemics like dengue and water borne diseases and a separate medical staff had been deployed to look after the health problems of these displaced people. Further government has commenced various programme to solve the problem which may arise the area of educational facilities, foods, sanctuary facilities like toilet, water etc.
9. What are the main geographical infect on this settlement, Demining programme is most important and very difficult task which have been faced by the security forces. Most of the area has been mined by the LTTE and no proper map and details available to clear all these mines. As such Security forces have more careful when demining .If not after resettling the civilians have to be the victims on this. Other main geographical changes which done by the LTTE and the security forces while on going war have to be rectified as much as possible. Since last three decades both side made lot of obstacle like earth bund, large digs, trenchers, etc
Military
10. After winning the battle, The Security forces is continuing security challenges to prevent an insurgency or hit and run guerrilla type operations which may carry out by the LTTE carders or supporter who are embedded in the rest of the country over the past several years. In addition to that main challenge is to dominate the area ground, sea and air from any type of terrorists’ organization. Government has to take a decision with the consultation of the security forces where and where the new security forces establishment going to be established. Three forces and Police have to evaluate the tactical impotency of the ground before establishing the camps.
Role of the Army
11. Army has to play a major role in this juncture, they are the expertise of the battle and they know the impotency of the ground with their experience. Firstly army has to clear all the mining which laid by the LTTE during the war and also has directly engage with the resettling of internally displaced people .Army has to dominate continuously the Northern Eastern area to prevent any clue of terrorism. Further it is required to establish new Army camps covering the important tactical grounds at north like Kilinochchi, Mulathive, Elephant pass etc.
Role of the Navy
12. Navy also has to play a major role on this scenario. Island has been covered by the sea. We have lot of experience, how LTTE use the sea to uplift their organization. Mainly LTTE used to bring all the arms and ammunitions by using the sea routes and they dominated some part of the coastal sea in the East and the West. That area was fully controlled by the LTTE and they launched attacked to the Government hiding their naval craft in this areas. The government and Navy should realize these matters and must have a proper plane to dominate all the sea around the Sri Lanka by establishing new Naval Bases around the country. Tactical important areas like Mulathive lagoon, Nayaru lagoon, Wedithaltive, Elephanpass should establish huge Naval bases and must continue dominating the sea.


Role of the Air Force

13. After neutralizing the air power and the assets of the LTTE, no body can predict that air threat to this country is over. Threat can be originated from any country and within the country by using a high jacked or hired Aircraft. We have to estimate the threat and have a plane to counter any air threat posed by the terrorists group. LTTE made large runways in the north and damage what they did were immense. Air force has to establish new camps covering the North and East and air must be dominated through out. New run ways to be developed and air mobility must be increased further.
14. Strengthening of security forces also might be more discussed by not only the India but also some countries at South Asia region. Especially India will more concentrate on this. Being situated very closely and being a good friend, India government gave lot of military assistance to Sri lanka and they established several Radar point in Sri lanka covering the south Indian region. Sometime India may have a hidden agenda behind this. Other thing is the Indian government is more concern over the military assistance given by the China and other countries. China is also already has deployed few radar points and few more to come in the future. China is also trying to expand their power in the south Asian region by extending their hand.
Existing Tamil political parties.
15. With the downfall of the LTTE, there are signs of Tamil politics changing. One can in turn argue that the changes themselves took place within Tamil politics, specially the breaking away of LTTE’s eastern leader Karuna from the outfit led to the downfall of the LTTE. However, present situations demand changes not only in Tamil politics but also in politics among other communities. In the meantime, some Tamil parties with a northern base which had been suppressed and overshadowed by the LTTE with its gun power, seems to contemplate to come to the fore through the Jaffna Municipal Council election and the Vavuniya Urban Council election that are scheduled to be held next month. Tamil political parties have to play a major role to create a good political atmosphere at the North.
16. The main Tamil political parties Tamil National Alliance (TNA), Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF), Thamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal (TMVP), Tamil Democratic National Alliance (TDNA), Pathmanabha Eelam Revolutionary Liberation Front (PERLF), Up-Country People's Front (UPF), Eelam People's Democratic Party (EPDF), Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization, (TELO), Ceylon Workers' Congress (CWC), have to actively participate and have to find a proper political solution for the North and east with the help of All Party Conference or any other sauce.
Most of these political parties are linked with the south Indian region where lot of Tamil peoples is living. Lot of Sri lankan tamil refugees have been settled during the war time. Therefore,we have experienced how the Tamil politicians and civilians at south India influenced during the battle against the LTTE. Being Sri lanka situated very closely to the India, The people at India may influence the Sri lanka in many ways. Politically, Geographically, Economically and militarily.



India and Sri Lanka Relation ship

17. On a more geo political level, Tamil separatism in Sri Lanka is intimately linked with Tamil separatist tendencies in South India which go back to the nineteenth century, a fact generally little known not only in the Western world but also in India and Sri Lanka”. Both groups were driven by a vision of a greater Tamil State that would consist of southern India and the northern tip of Sri Lanka. Aspirations for the creation of a separate Tamil State in India came to a halt and however, when India banned separatism. Nevertheless, the fight for a Tamil “homeland” continues on in Sri Lanka with new found support from the India and the western countries.
18. The Indian government’s involvement in Sri Lanka is a topic of its own. A proxy invasion of Sri Lanka in the form of a peace-keeping operation (Indian Peace Keeping Operation 1987-1990) and official condemnation of the LTTE was announced after the assassination of Rajiv Ghandi by a suicidal attack. At present, India support for the Sri Lankan government for the efforts of eradicating the LTTE Organization from the Sri lanka and the world.
19. On the strategic security front, increased Chinese and Pakistani influence will continue to be a matter of concern for India. However, India appears to have taken it in the stride as part of the growing reach of Chinese influence in the Indian Ocean region. Ideally, India should up the development of Trincomalee port as a counterpoise to Hambantota where China is building a port complex. However, India might drag its feet on this issue and probably wait to gauge the impact of possible economic convergence on South Asian security.
20. It has been highlighted by the India regarding the recent sea bed claims .India stake a claim to large swathes of sea bed under the Arabian sea and Bay of Bengal.This area is approximately 0.6 million sq .Km continental shelf. Present sea bed area claimed by the pakistan and Sri lanka does not indicate a conflict with India but India claimed again and its include a portions already claims by the Sri lanka. This stretch of sea bed leads from west of the Andaman and Nicorbar this is proved that how much India concern over the geographical gaining and the result can be seen very soon.
Tamil local and International Diaspora
20. It is true that the Tamil Diaspora is strongly and emotionally involved with the ethnic crisis in the country. They were all products of the same, one way or the other. By raising their voices internationally and contributing variously to the LTTE organization, the members of the LTTE Diaspora community did a massive role to raise the LTTE Organization internationally. At present the Diaspora must admit the end of the organization and must try to obtain a good political solution without getting prolong period. The Tamil leadership back home should understand the dynamics of this change-over, move with the times and help the native Tamil community to find their post LTTE identity in a globalize society and common for the all Tamil political party of Sri Lanka.
21. But now that the Tigers no longer have a guerrilla army to support and their founder, Villupillai Prabhakaran, has been killed, what will this network do? Given that the participants in most organizations are loath to dismantle the structure that created and shaped long careers, even when the circumstances that created the group have vanished, the international Tamil criminal network will probably continue its usual pastimes. The difference now is that they could reasonably be expected to keep their profits, and justify their activities by telling each other a comforting fiction that they are doing so in case the Tigers re-emerge.
23. Questions are being raised as to why some members of the International Community are not supporting the efforts of a democratically elected government to defeat the LTTE and bring security to the Tamil people and to Sri Lanka as a whole. One explanation offered is that the West needs the LTTE as a vital cog to serve its long term geopolitical interests in South Asia. However, evidence demonstrates that the Tamil diaspora in Western countries were exerting tremendous pressure on their respective Governments through elected representatives to save the LTTE at whatever cost.
To strength the LTTE diaspora the main LTTE front organization TRO (Tamil Rehabilitation Organization), TCC ( Tamil coordinating committee)CCTF (Coordinating Committee of Tamils-France ) WTCC(World Tamil Coordinating Committee ) WTM (World Tamil Movement), British Tamil Forum (BTF), British Tamil Association (BTA), Tamil youth Organization. (TYO), International Tamil Rehabilitation Organization (ITRO). Did a major role on behalf of the Tamil Diaspora. It is a question that these organizations will exist any more. These organizations supported to LTTE to develop their capabilities and they carried out some agenda of European countries. This Organizations maintains their offices in France, Belgium, UK, Finland, Germany, Sweden, Italy, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Switzerland, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Malaysia, South Africa .But now these organizations can come forward without the LTTE Mission and the vision to help their Tamil people who need help in this juncture to resettle their original villagers and homes . Further, these organization can influence the countries where they have deployed to get the maximum assistance to the
Tamil people. Sri Lanka supportive countries
During the 25 years battle against the LTTE, the many countries help to Sri lnaka in various way with the different intentions. India helped to Sri lanka economically and militarily for the war because India did not like to come forward to help Sri Lanka as the India and Sri Lanka close relation ship and geopolitically Sri lanaka is very important to India.
Thought the Pakistan is situated somewhat away from the Sri lanka, helped lot to sri lanka government to enhance the militarily capabilities by giving military hardware’s and training. Apparently Pakistan did not have any hidden agenda but more assistance was given to keep the friend ship with the Sri Lankan communities and obtain further assistance in the future too. Our relation with Pakistan should have the top most priority for the India because of their impact on their internal security situation.
China has come forward to help Sri lanka by investing in various project and giving military assistance. Apparently, China might have a hidden agenda on helping to Sri Lanka. Militarallity China has influence in various ways and already dominated the air coverage giving their Radar and their crews. Other main thing is China has invested on the constructing of the Hambanthota port and they will remain in Sri Lanka until their agreement is over. The total control over the harbour will remain with the china as per the agreement. It is understood that china will use this harbour as a hub. But the India does not like to have china influences on these matters and they are more concern what is happening in Sri lanka.
Russia will continue to assist Sri Lanka for the restoration of peace and reconstruction of the country. Russia considered Sri Lanka as an old friend and ally, and looked forward to continuing the warm relations between the two countries. Russia has agreed to give all assistance to Sri Lanka for the restoration of peace, reconstruction, and for necessary and expeditious relief to the large number of internally displaced persons.
Other south Asian countries like Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan will help us continually because they are very good friend since long period. But attitude of some Europe countries like England, Switzerland, Austria, may try to influence us by using various methods. But sometimes they may change their foreign policies and may come to help us.
Conclusion
35. The war fought against the LTTE was not a war against the Tamil people. The heroic troops sacrificed their lives to save the innocent Tamil people from the clutches of LTTE terror. It is the responsibility of the entire nation to make this victory more meaningful and give it a better value for the gigantic feats achieved by the Security Forces.
36. It is now time to win the hearts of the Tamil people, ensuring them the maximum protection. They are an essential part of Sri Lanka's community. We must usher in again the pre-LTTE era where Tamils, Muslims and Sinhalese lived in perfect harmony in the North and the East. To achieve that, we have to build the confidence of the Tamil youth who have only witnessed LTTE terror. Over the years, the Tigers brainwashed Tamil youth to show that the Sinhalese were their enemy. We have to enlighten the youth in the North and the East on how close the three communities were before LTTE sowed the seeds of ruthless terrorism on our soil.
37. Sri Lanka has a rich tradition of facing even the most ruthless invaders through thousands of years, defeating them, and saving our Motherland. It is home to people with a history of bravely facing up to invaders from the time of King Dutugemunu's reign. Sri Lanka cannot afford the land that was won at such great sacrifice to be divided or even a shadow of separatism to fall on it. In the solutions that will be offered there will not be even an iota for racism and separatism.
38. The Government is moving towards a political solution under a unified Sri Lankan flag. It would be an honorable solution proposed through the APRC and one which would be acceptable to all. The end solution should be one which would bring all communities living here under one umbrella.
39. We owe a debt of gratitude to the friendly countries which strongly backed us in the battle against terrorism. If not for their wholehearted support, Sri Lanka would never have become the first country to eradicate terrorism. Those sincere friends in the international community have acted with the greatest responsibility towards Sri Lanka's freedom and sovereignty. The time is now opportune to sink petty differences and join hands and work in the true spirit to rebuild our nation. The first step in that direction would be the speedy resettlement of the civilians who have been displaced due to LTTE terrorism.
40. Infrastructure development in the North and the East too will be done at a rapid pace so that the people living there too could make a positive contribution to build the national economy. There will be a reduction in the budget deficit, paving the way for economic development. We could anticipate more foreign direct investments and better employment opportunities. With the additional contribution from the people in the North and the East, Sri Lanka could look forward to an encouraging growth rate. Sri Lanka, which has been a symbol of courage to the world, must now stand on its own feet. We must make a determined effort to build the nation. We have a rich culture and heritage and the country is blessed with an abundance of natural resources. We have the ability to stand tall. All what is needed is a clear ambition to reach the top.

Question – 02
The post LTTE context provides a fresh opportunity to resolve the Sri lankan Tamil ethonationalist problem permanently. What is your proposal?
Introduction
The crushing of the LTTE terrorist’s organization brought relief to most sri Lankan but now the season for constructive nation building has arrived and all people have to work as a one team to bring collective unity to motherland. Firstly everybody must understand that nation building does not only refer to a process of physically rebuilding of this country. Nation building certain involves repairing, reconstructing, and resuscitating damaged physical and material resources. Basically, it means that the rebuilding and rehabilitation of lives. It also means bringing the communities of the land together and giving every one the sense that they are at home in Sri lanka and that enjoy equal rights. The worst thing that could happen to this country now is for some misguided politicians and public reasons.
These dimensions in nation building need to be born in mind because of the prevailing misconception on what next to be done next Sri lanka. Government has a major role to play to give a long lasting solution to this problem which lead for the three decade war and it must be given to the people as soon as possible.
Following points are forwarded as the proposal to resolve the Sri lankan Tamil ethonationalist problem permanently.


Proposals
1. Devolution of Powers to the Northern and Eastern Provinces as same as the other provinces of the country.
It is not required to additional powers for the north and east provinces .The several proposal have been come forwarded by the government on implementation of the 13 the amendment to the constitution. But according to my point of view the North and East does not need a separate devolution of power but there are some areas to be improved. According to the various repots, it is understood that government is in favor of implementation of the 13th amendment. But devolution of power is essential for the large countries like India but not for the small country like Sri lanka. The devolution of Land and police powers is not at all suitable for Sri Lanka. Giving more powers to the north and east, again the separation will be started again from the other provincial council. As same as the other provincial council the controlling power must be kept with the central government.
At present several powers of the provincial council, such as health and education, have been re centralized by the central government. Some other powers, such as police and land, have not been devolved. Further, present recourses allocation for the provincial council is not sufficient and more resources should be allocated to the whole provincial council to commence development programme in rural areas.




Sabaragamuwa
Western
Southern
Uva
Noth Western
Eastern
Central
North Central
Nothern Present Demarcation of Provincial council


2. Implementation of the Official Languages Provision of the Constitution.
The Government should take immediate steps to ensure that Parliament enacts laws to provide for the full implementation of Chapter IV of the Constitution on Language. There are many contexts in which remedial measures will assume an administrative, rather than a legislative, character. The following are the instances of measures which should be strenuously accelerated and implemented by the Government to eradicate the language barrier among the communities.
a. Recruitment of Tamil speaking police, Army, Navy, Air force officers in sufficient numbers to deal with the Tamil people on the public matter, not only for the North and East, but in the country as a whole, to transact business in their own language with security forces personnel.
b. Government make necessary arrangement for Implementing of all steps for including recruitment of staff and procurement of equipment to enable Tamil speaking members of the public to deal with Ministries, Government Departments, statutory corporations and all other public bodies in their own language and include Tamil language also in to the documents which are used by the public and privet sector to fulfill their day today activities in addition to the Sinhala and English language.
c. The interpreters, translators and other relevant facilities in all courts of law must be implemented, so that the needs of members to be catered fully with regard to all aspects of the administration of justice.
d. The Sinhala people in the North and east suffer from disadvantages similar to those affecting Tamil speaking people as mentioned above. Suitable steps should be taken to address them alone the same lines.
e. The regular holding of, and streamlining of procedures for, mobile "clinics" where officials fluent in the Tamil language will engage problem solving on the spot.
3. Lands wrested from Sinhala Muslim folk put to flight with arms and terror should be returned through common land laws. That prevails alike in the North and South.
Thousand of people lived in the north and east lost their lands before 25 years back. It is experienced that some families came in to the government control areas and lived in the refugee camps pro long time. But some were remaining in the previous LTTE controlled area with the threat posed by the LTTE. Some how The Tamil people today gains their original lands and their lived places with the resettlement programme which has been launched by the government.
But still there is a problem of regaining of their original lands. Government must implement a special rules and regulation or law to provide their own lands which lost due to the war. Immediate programme should be launched to settle this land problem and then the Tamil, Muslim and sihala people who had actual rights on the lands will enjoy.



4. Temples, churches, mosques destroyed by the terrorists be reconstructed and make the Madu area common to all by building temples and churches.
It is proposed to develop the people religious facilities like reconstructing of Temples, Churches, and Mosques, which were destroyed by the LTTE. By improving and developing these religious facilities, peace and harmony among the different communities can be developed. All preachers of the different communities have a major role to play in this juncture, they can develop people’s mind through the religious. They can educate the people and must create a good atmosphere which anyone can go to any religious places for their religious works. Especially the Madu area can reserve as the common place where all the communities who believed different religious in different area of the country. Having Hindu Gods in temples has set the correct example for unity. Let's adopt such steps even now For Hindu, Buddhist, Christian and Islam unity
5. Camps captured from terrorists in the North are made into army camps to avoid any terrorists group coming up.
Security forces lost lot of lives during the three decades war and now the guns are silent. Other major task is to protect the land which gained from the any insurgent group in the future. It is highly required to dominate the sea and ground and air by the security forces personnel till the Tamil younger generation who realize the truth.
So far, the government is also planning to establish lot of security forces establishment covering the whole north and east areas. Army has to dominate the ground and navy has a big role to protect the sea. Establishing these camps, the domination of the ground and sea will exists and any insurgent which may come to hinder the peace of the people in the future can be destroyed without any delay.
Further, it is required to establish the police posts covering the tactical areas of the North and east. After resettling people police will have to do a major role to create the civilized society. Lot of problem may come from the civilian regarding their lands, properties etc. Police has to address this entire problem without getting much delay. Further, it is required recruit Tamil speaking policeman to deal with the public matter to eradicate the communication barrier.
6. Re building of education system and Introducing Sinhala, Tamil, English language as the compulsory subject for the GCE ordinary level examination.
Government must understand that these IDP’s children need to feel a sense of belonging in Sri Lanka and gradually let go of the antagonistic or subversive thoughts and beliefs believed to have been instilled in them by the Terrorists, which the terrorists certainly tried unsuccessfully to indoctrinate in these young minds. These children must find themselves lucky and fortunate to be free of involuntary conscription by the terrorists. The government should allocated sufficient teachers and volunteers to conduct these schools. However, volunteers also may join the government’s drive to continue to educate these marginalized children. These schools and other facilities such as health care, nursing, water, sanitation, supply of food and non food related items will have to be continued until they are properly resettled. Further ,it is proposed to include the Sinhala, Tamil, English languages as compulsory subject for all government school children and make compulsory for the GCE Ordinary Level examination. By implementing this, at least present children will start to learn these subjects and the communication barrier within the communities will be ended when the children become younger. This programme should be implemented as soon as possible for whole the government school and if possible privet school too.
7. Develop the Road network which is connected to the North, East, West, South and Central hills.
It is required to urgently develop the Road net work which lead to the North, South , East ,West and Central hill to have a easy access to any where in the country within the short period. This network should be included all the main road and minor roads at the North and East and the Railway tracks which functioned before starting the war. Specially the main road of A9 road (Jaffna – Kandy), A32 road (Mannar – Jaffna ) A 35 road (Paranthan – Mulathive), A 34 road (Mulathive – Mankulam) (See annex B).With the development of the road network, other infrastructure facilities like power, water, will come soon. Further, people at north and east can transport their production to the market in the anywhere in the country within a limited time period. Sihala, Tamil and Muslim will travel to see their parents, neighbors who at various places in the country and automatically the peace and harmony among the different communities will be established. Mixing of communities will also can be seen in the future.
8. Restore the livelihoods of the people.
It is proposed to implement various incentive schemes to restore the livelihood of the peoples who have lost their basic living standard. The development area which can be identified as fishing and agriculture, agriculture processing, Palmyra, coconut and cashew plantation .Priority also must be given to empowering the co operative movement and revitalizing the civil administration in the province. In addition to that providing necessary tools for carpenters, fishermen, masonry, motor mechanism, seed materials or other corps must be provided to boost their morale.
Further ,the northern province had over 2300 minor tanks and about 50 medium and 11 major tanks prior to the war, but most of them now need to be restored .Building and irrigation security system is essential for an agricultural revival. Forest need to be replanted and rejuvenated. The pathway to the livelihood rehabilitation in this area is agricultural renewal. Seeds and grain banks, farm machinery, the repair of farm ponds, water harvesting and storage structure, animal sheds, storage godowns , post harvest handling ,rural roads and communication are priority areas for urgent attention and action.
9. Rehabilitation of the children, woman and youth living in the area and the rehabilitation of the former LTTE members.
Screening and identification of LTTE suspect, whom the government may wish to frame charges, need to be done speedy and transparently in the presence of a any reputed committee like ICRC or UN agencies. Family members need to be promptly informed of any arrest, detention or release. It is required a quick and effective delivery on all these above issues as this would help alleviate the plight of the people who have already undergone extreme hardship. Further, Rehabilitation programme should be commenced to the former LTTE members and their brain should be filled with the new ideas and the hope of their future dreams which may help to develop their personal abilities and subsequently it will lead the country for success.
Thousand of children among the human shield rescued by the soldiers, most of them have not attended school. Therefore, government must commence a educational programme to educate the children with immediate effect with available resources till they are resettle their original places. The basic needs for schooling like uniforms, books, must be provided by the government till they are resettled.
Displaced People at relief shelters in different rehabilitation zones are full of anxiety, depressed and disoriented. These people including children and women are much worried about their protection, family, reuniting with family, belongings, source of income and the utter embarrassment of having to put up at shelters. Most of them suffer from the echo of the sounds of battle, anxiety of kith and kin gone missing, dead or displaced, worrying about the loss of their income channel and finding themselves at the mercy of those running the shelters. Apart from the shelter, protection, food, Non Food Related Items, nursing, health and sanitation facilities. Government must recognize that there is an urgent need for counseling facilities for these people. Naturally each of them, at least need someone to talk to them to help them pacify their worried and chaotic minds.In order to respond appropriately to this need for Counseling in Psychology. 10. Mixing of different communities in different areas of the country. After resettling the IDP’s , it is suggested to settle the different communities in the different areas of the country. Sinhala, Muslim or any other race may be settled in the North and east and Tamil or Muslim people may be settled down in the south of the country. Then, it will start mixing of different kind of people with sharing different type of cultures, religious and habits. It will create the confidence and trust in between the races and religious from different communities.
Conclusion
I think the paramount need of an hour is to resettle the Internally Displace people as soon as possible with the basic needs. Civil administration should be activated and basic infrastructure facilities must be re established. Police posts must be re located or re establish. These unfortunate people will have to be guided in to vocation that would bring them a steady income. It is nice to see that the government has launched ‘’Wadakku Wasantham’’ re-awakening programme to resettle and develop the North .The programme has been commenced from the Manar and it will move to other areas step by step. I deeply feel that together we can build our bridges and pave a path to peace, happiness, equality, and prosperity for us and for the generation to come. We can not forget what happened during the past three decades. However, we need to put aside our emotion, sense of despair, and remember those lives which were lost in a bloody war. All citizen of Sri lanka has to now reconcile and win the trust of the nation. Are we going to continue this for another thirty years? No we have lost too much; the nation has lost too much. It is time to take a step back and think sensibly.


Bibliography
1. Political Geography by Richard Muir (1997 )

2. The future of the Nation State by Beetham , D (1984)

3. Nation state and International System 4. Problem Geography by Krik, W (1963)
Web sites:
1. www.dailymirror.lk 2. 2. www.sundaytimes.lk 3. www.island.lk 4. www.dailynews.lk

5. www.defence.lk

6. www.president.gov.lk 7. www.nation.lk 8. www.slmfa.gov.lk

9. www.groundviews.org 11 www.thesundayleader.lk 12. www.google.com